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I 4 



















JAGGER'S PATENT TURBINE 












































































































THE 




AND 


MILLWRIGHT’S ASSISTANT. 


BY 

WILLIAM CARTER HUGHES. 


A NEW EDITION. 

REVISED, WITH MUCH ADDITIONAL MATTER. 


PHILADELPHIA. 

HENRY CAREY BAIRD, 
INDUSTRIAL PUBLISHER, 

NO. 406 WALNUT STREET. 

LONDON: T R U B N E R A CO. 

1873. 


I 






/ ^73 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1855, by 
IIPiXIlY C. BAIKD, 

in the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the United States for the 
Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 


STEUEOTYPED BY L. JOHNSON & CO. 
PHILADELPHIA. 


Printed by 


Collin*. 



V 







CONTENTS. 


_ PAG* 

Introduction. 7 

Explanation of tecunical words. 11 

PART FIRST. 

On the First Principles of Mechanics. 13 

The Principle of the Lever. 15 

Inclined Plane. 18 

Pulley.. 19 

Motion. 20 

Central Forces. 23 

Friction, or Resistance to Motion. 25 

Table of the Surfaces of Contact without Urgents. 29 

Table of the Results of Experiments on Friction, with Urgents. 

By M. Morin. 30 

Table of Diameters of First Movers. 35 

Table of Diameters and Circumferences of Circles, Areas and 

Side of Equal Squares. 36 

Geometrical Definitions of the Circle and its parts. 37 

Centre of Percussion and Oscillation. 38 

Hydrostatics—Introduction. 39 

On the Upwrad and Downward Pressure of Water. 40 

Specific Gravity. 42 

Table of Specific Gravities. 44 

Hydrodynamic Power of Water-Wheels. 45 

On the Action and Reaction of Water, as applied to Water- 

Wheels. 46 

On the Construction of the Combination Reaction Water- 
Wheel. 50 


3 

























4 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

Table of Velocities of Water-Wheels per minute, with Heads of 

from 4 to 30 feet. 54 

Table of the number of Inches of Water necessary to drive 
one Run of Stone, for Grist or Saw-Mills on heads of 4 to 

30 feet. 55 

Table showing the required length of Overshot and Breast- 

Wheels, on heads of 10 to 30 feet... 56 

Ilowd’s Direct Action Water-Wheel... 57 

Direction for making the same. 58 

Jagger’s Patent Turbine Water-Wheel. 60 

Water Table for Jagger’s Patent Turbine Water-Wheel. 64 

Table showing the revolutions per minute of Jagger’s Turbine 65 
Table showing the Velocity of Water. 66 

PART SECOND. 

Remarks on the Culture of Grain, Ac. 67 

Table of Grain grown in the United States. 69 

On the quality of French Burr, as best adapted for Grinding 

Wheat and Corn. 70 

The Raccoon Burr Stone. 73 

Tram staffs. 74 

Directions for Preparing new Stones for Grinding. 76 

Directions for laying out the Dress in Millstones. 79 

A special Treatise on the different Millstone Dresses now in 

use, with practical remarks on their action. 80 

Directions for making Furrows on the most approved plan. 86 

Directions for Staffing and Cracking the face of the Millstone. 87 

On the best size of Millstones for different water-powers. 89 

Practical remarks on Grinding Wheat and Corn. 90 

Remarks on Indian Corn, as an article of foreign consumption 93 

On the Construction of Merchant Bolts on the old plan. 94 

Description of a new arrangement of the Merchant Bolts on 

the most approved plan. 95 

Directions for making Bolting Cloths of all descriptions. 97 

Size of Mill Picks for Dressing Stones. 97 

Composition for Tempering Cast-steel Mill Picks. 98 

Ou the use of the Proof staff. 951 



























CONTENTS. 


5 


On the amount of help necessary to be eniployetl in a Mill of 

four run of Stones, with their duties respectively. 100 

Hydraulics, as pertaining to the practical Millwright. 102 

Powers of Gravity, Percussion, or Impulse, with the reaction 

attachment. 105 

Remarks to the Millwright on the necessity of economy in 
planning and arranging the Machinery of Flouring and 

Grist-Mills. 109 

On Bedding the Stone. Ill 

fo find the number of revolutions of the Water-Wheel per 

minute. 114 

To find the velocity of the Stone per minute. 114 

Rule to find the Diameters of all Pitch Circles. 115 

To find how many revolutions the Stone makes for one of the 

Water-Wheel. 115 

On Machinery. 116 

Rule for constructing the Conveyor. 116 

On the construction of the Mill-Dam. 117 

On the different kinds of Smut Machines now in use, with 

rules for making the same. 121 

Remarks on a late invention for introducing air between Mill¬ 
stones when Grinding.124 

Description of the Author’s Grain Dryer. 126 

Rules for the purchase of Wheat for Millers’ use. 129 

The proper method for fitting the Bale and Driver to the Mill¬ 
stone... V*** 

Remarks on Packing Flour. 135 

Table for Packing Flour. 186 

Remarks on branding Flour in Barrels. 136 

Mauk’s Patent Bolt. 1*^7 

On the Inspection of Flour. 138 

Report on the Breadstufifs of the United States, their relative 
value, and the injury which they sustain by transportation, 

warehousing, &c. (fee.—By Lewis C. Beck, M. D. 140 

Analyses of Wheat Flour. 100 

Result of the Analysis. 172 

Table for Reckoning the price of Wheat. 176 

Steam as .applied to Propelling Mills. 1S9 

1 * 





























G CONTENTS. 

F/<oe 

On the Construction of tho Saw-Mill. 

Table for Measuring Saw-Logs. 1^3 

Harrison’s Patent Double-Geared Mill. 195 

Utica French Burr Millstone Manufactory. 196 

Munson’s Patent Machine for testing the balance of Millstones 196 

Munson’s Patent Eyes for Millstones. 198 

Bran Dusters and Separators Combined. 200 

Bonnell’s Improved Process of Flouring. 202 

Analyses of Wheat Flour. 201 

Kemarks on a New Description of Bolting Material for Grist- 

Mills. 215 

Clasp Coupling Joint.^216 

Harris and Son’s Smut Machine. 219 

Columbian Foundry and Burr Millstone Manufactory. 224 

Pilkington’s Smut Machine. 224 

French Burr Millstone, Morris and Trimble. 226 

Booth’s Grain Separator. 228 

Mitchell’s Philadelphia French Burr Millstone. 230 

A History of the French Burr. 234 

Neyhart’s Improved Grease-Collar. 244 

Roberts’s Improved Shute for the Howd Water-Wheel. 246 

Central Discharge Water-Wheel. 249 

Wallace’s French Burr Millstones. 250 

The Burr Stone Smut Machine. 251 

Burrow’s Portable Grist and Flouring Mill. 251 

Johnston’s Smut Machine. 253 

Ward’s French Burr Millstones. 254 

Ward’s Smut Machine. 255 

Dress for a Four-foot Burr Millstone. 256 

Kinman’s Self-discharging Flour Chest. 257 

Livingston’s Burr Millstones. 258 

Fowler’s Mill-Furnishing Establishment. 258 

Eoster, Stencil Engraver. 259 

Jonval’s Turbine. 260 

Directions for obtaining Patents. 276 



































INTRODUCTION. 


Having been requested by the publisher, Mr. 
Henry C. Baird, to enlarge and revise my book 
on Milling, I take pleasure in saying to my read¬ 
ers, that my first endeavours have been so well 
received by those engaged in the practical opera¬ 
tion of milling—for whose benefit the work was 
designed—that this edition will be found more to 
the purpose for both miller and mill-owner. The 
improvements made in milling during the last 
four years have been numerous a^s regards ma¬ 
chinery. In merchant mills the greatest benefit 
has resulted to our business, within the last four 
years, in this particular; and the first I shall 
notice is, the present arrangement of merchant 
bolts, where the No. 10 cloth is found to be more 
suitable throughout, both for return and dusters; 
as it is easily demonstrated, that where the flour 
is properly ground, if jmu have length of bolts 
sufiicient for your grinding capacity, and all 
coarser as above stated, (See Merchant Bolts,) 

you will not require to regrind any portion of 

7 



8 


INTRODUCTION. 


your olTal a second time, making a great sav- 
ing in the expense of manufacturing, and an im¬ 
provement in the quality of the flour, as your 
bran will be much more uniform than where a 
second grinding is resorted to. The next im¬ 
provement of importance to millers is that of 
cleaning the grain perfectly. I have added to 
this edition a number of very excellent machines, 
(such as smut and winnowung machines,) all of 
which are necessary to give the flour a good colour. 
The next machine I shall call your attention to, 
(that I consider no mill perfect without,) is Kin- 
man’s Flour-packer and Chest combined; an en¬ 
graving of which is given. And last, though not 
least, indeed, is the improvement in the construc¬ 
tion of what may be considered the key to the 
whole milling business, a good French burr mill¬ 
stone, and those made by Munson and Hart, of 
Utica, N. Y., in particular. This firm have lately 
added an improved eye to their millstones, that 
allows them to bo run at any desired motion, with¬ 
out clogging. 

The milling business occupies a respectable 
portion of our national industry, and gives em¬ 
ployment to a large investment of capital in all 
the principal wheat-growing States of this Union, 
which contributes largely to the benefit of our 
American farmers, in making a home market for 


INTRODUCTION. 


9 


Wheat and Indian Corn, the two principal staples 
of American produce. 

The author of this work, having spent the best 
portion of his life in the pursuit of his calling as 
a practical Miller, begs to say, in preparing this 
work for the milling public, that his object is to 
establish a correct guide to a business which so 
little is known about, in a shape of substantial 
reference, instead of speculative theories, and that 
confined to the minds only of those who are 
attached to the business, either by the employment 
of capital or otherwise. 

Special regard has also been paid to most of the 
essential improvements which have, of late, been 
introduced for the benefit of the miller. And we 
can also say, that wm have omitted a large number 
of late inventions, from the belief of their utter 
worthlessness for a great many of the purposes for 
which they were designed; and those of our friends 
who furnished us with drafts and long statements 
of their peculiar views on milling, will please ac¬ 
cept our thanks for the same, and this, our apology 
for not giving them a place in these pages. 

We have thought proper to insert.in this work 
a Report made to the Commissioner of Patents of 
the United States, in the year 1848, on Breadstuffs, 
their relative value, and the injury which they sus¬ 
tain from various causes, by Lewis C. Beck, M. D., 


10 


INTRODUCTION. 


an article which, of itself, highly sustains that 
gentleman’s character, for the task he had to per¬ 
form ; and also reflects much credit ou the Com¬ 
missioner of Patents, Mr. Burke, for the selection 
he made of a person fully competent to perform 
the same. 

The Report contains a scientific chemical analysis 
of wheat and wheat flour, with other important 
information, highly useful to all engaged in milling, 
as well as dealers in breadstufls; and we consider 
it one of the most useful and important public 
documents ever distributed from the Patent Office 
of the United States. 

With a full assurance and hope that this work 
may prove useful to all engaged in milling, 

I respectfully subscribe myself, 

Wm. C. Hughes. 


EXPLANATION 


CP TECHNICAL WORDS USED IN THIS WORK. 


Aperture, the opening or passage through which water 
is received or discharged. 

Area, the plain surface of superficial contents. 

Cubic, equation in algebra, an equation in which the 
highest or only power of the unknown quantity is a cube. 
Cube root is the number or quantity which, multiplied 
into itself and then into the product, produces the cube. 
A cubic foot of water weighs 62 ^ lbs. 

Equilibrium, equipoise, equality of weight or force; a 
state of rest produced by the mutual counter action of 
two bodies. 

FHetion, the act of rubbing the surface of one body 
against another. 

Gravity, weight, heaviness—the tendency of matter 
towards its central body. Weight is the measure of 
gravity. 

Specific gravity means the weight of a body com¬ 
pared with another of equal bulk, taken as the standard. 
Water is the standard for solids and liquids, and air for 
gas. 

ll 


I 





12 


EXPLANATIONS OF TECHNICAL WORDS. 


IT^dronamicSj that science which treats of the pro¬ 
perties and relations of water and other fluids, either at 
rest or in motion. 

UydraulicSf the science of fluids in motion; pertain¬ 
ing to hydronamics. 

Impuhcj force communicated instantaneously. 

Impetus, force of motion. 

Momentum, the quantity of motion in a moving body 
proportioned to the product of the quantity of matter, 
multiplied by its velocity. 

Percussion, the shock produced by the instant striking 
of bodies; the centre of percussion is that point in a 
moving body about which the impetus of the parts is 
balanced, and when stopped by any force, the whole 
motion of the revolving body is stopped at the same time. 

Quiescence, a state of rest. 

Radius, in geometry, a right line drawn from the 
centre of a circle to the periphery, the semi-diameter of 
the circle. 

Ri(jht Angle, in geometry, an angle of ninety degrees 
or one-fourth of a circle. 

Squared, is any number multiplied by itself. 

Theory, an exposition of the general principles of any 
science; the science distinguished from the art, and 
without practice. 

Urgent, pressing with necessity. 

Telocity, is that efiection of motion by which a body 
moves over a certain space in a certain time. 

Yiscosity, a glutinous tenacity which inclines soft 
bodies to stick closely together. 


THE 


AMEllICAN MILLER, 

AND 

MILLWRIGHT’S ASSISTANT. 


PART FIRST. 

ON THE FIRST PRINCIPLES OF MECHANICS. 

The science of mechanism is founded on the true 
principles of natural philosophy, and of these principles 
we shall here treat in a plain, simple manner; as a per¬ 
fect knowledge of principles of truth and certainty, in 
mechanical science, is as essential to the practitioner of 
the mechanic arts, as a perfect knowledge of the human 
frame is to the skilful anatomist. 

The theory of mechanics is essential to all intelligent 
minds; and, as far as it relates to the cultivation of the 
mind of the practical mechanic, for whose benefit this 

work is designed, we shall contemplate the mechanical 

2 19 


14 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


powers to be three in number, namely: the lever, the 
inclined plane, and the pulley. Some authors of our 
acquaintance denominate them as six in number: the 
three latter as the wheel, axle, and screw. But it is 
clearly evident that the three latter are derivatives of 
the three former, as the wheel and axle, properly con¬ 
sidered, is a revolving lever, the screw being a revolving 
inclined plane. 

The mechanical powers are known by the following 
terms: as weight and forcej or power and re&istance ^— 
weight being the resistance necessary to overcome, power 
the force requisite to overcome that resistance. When 
they are equal, they are said to be in equilibrio, which 
implies that no motion can take place. But when the 
force becomes greater than the resistance, they are not 
in equilibrium, as motion takes place. Then power 
being a compound of weight, may be determined by 
being multiplied by its relative velocity. 

That which gives motion is called power, that which 
receives it is called weight. 

Mechanical powers are the most simple of the me¬ 
chanical inventions, as applicable to increase force and 
overcome resistance. 

The first of those powers which claim our attention 
being, in effect of mechanical utility, the most essential 
to the millwright, namely. 


15 


AND millwright’s assistant. 


THE PRINCIPLE OF THE LEVER. 

The lever may be considered, by all mechanics, as 
the leading power of the whole science of mechanism. 
For example, look at the formation of the entire animal 
creation, the superstructure of which is a beautiful 
illustration of those powers so largely developed in all 
animal creation,—every limb acting as a lever, me¬ 
chanically arranged by joints, as the fulcrums of cen¬ 
tral motion. 

There is no description of machinery, formed by the 
machinist, but of which the principle of the lever is the 
governing mechanical power j the effect of which may 
either increase or decrease its relative power, according 
to the manner in which it is applied. Then, we say, 
millwrights particularly should be well acquainted with 
the natural laws by which the powers of this engine 
are accurately demonstrated. 

The lever we must suppose to be composed of some 
inflexible body, as wood or metal; and although differ¬ 
ing in form in the various mechanical machines, is al¬ 
ways governed by the same laws of central motion. 
This central motion, in the common lever, is calculated 
from where the press or fulcrum is attached, which is 
called the centre of motion, the lever being capable of 
turning easily on that point. 

When the lever projects on either side of the fulcrum, 
the projections are mechanically called arms, from which 
we derive the power of the engine. When the fulcrum 


16 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


stands between the weight and the power, by the follow¬ 
ing simple rules we can easily determine the mechanical 
advantage gained; for divide the weight you wish to 
raise by the power you have to apply, and the quotient 
is the difference of leverage j or. 

Multiply the weight by its distance from the fulcrum, 
and the power from the same point; then the weight 
and power will be to each other as their products. 

Example: A weight of 1440 lbs. you wish to raise 
by a force of 70 lbs.; the length of the short arm of 
the lever being one foot from the fulcrum, what must 
the length of the long one be ? The answer is 20^ feet 
in length, where the power is applied to one foot, the 
weight being attached. 

For the sake of brevity, we omit the working of the 
question, and simply state the answer, p,s it saves the 
introduction of algebraic signs, which would only tend 
to lengthen the subject without facilitating our main 
object, namely, a proper illustration of computing the 
power, which is the mechanical advantage gained by the 
use of all levers, of whatever form, in a plain manner. 

Therefore, for ascertaining the relation which exists 
between power and weight in the lever, the general rule 
is to multiply the power by its distance from the 
fulcrum; being equal to the weight multiplied by its 
distance from the same point, the fulcrum acting as the 
centre of motion in all engines of this description. 

The analogy that exists between all machines whose 
power is obtained from the principle of the lever, is 
very great; such machines being all governed by one 


AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 17 

Bimple principle, which should be considered as tho 
general law of mechanical power : namely, the niomen- 
tums of the power and weight are always equal when 
the engine is in equilibrio. 

Momentum means the product of the weight of the 
body multiplied into the distance it moves; or the power 
multiplied into its distance from the centre of motion, 
or into its velocity, is equal to the weight multiplied 
into its distance moved. Or the power multiplied into 
its perpendicular descent, is equal to the weight multi¬ 
plied into its perpendicular ascent. 

The next law of mechanical power shows the power 
of the lever and velocity of the weight moved are always 
in an inverse proportion to each other; as, the greater 
the velocity of the weight moved, the less it must be; 
and the less the velocity, the greater the weight may be. 

The lever is of four kinds; the one above described 
is the first .and common kind, by which the greatest 
mechanical effect is obtained, as the fulcrum or centre 
of motion is placed between the weight and power; the 
nearer the weight, the greater the power. 

The second kind of lever is where the fulcrum is at 
one end, and the power at the other. Its effective power 
is simply as 3 is to 1, where, in a lever of the first kind, 
the effective power is as 12 to 1. 

The third kind of lever is where the fulcrum is at one 
end, the weight at the other, and the power applied be¬ 
tween them. 

The fourth is the curved lever, which differs only in 
form from the others, its properties being the same. 


I 


IS 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


The first and second are engines of real power; wliilfl 
the third tends to decrease power in the same ratio that 
the others increase it, and are only useful to the me¬ 
chanic in obtaining velocity where the first mover is too 
slow, as is the case in the construction of mills propelled 
by water, where over-shot breast, or under-shot water- 
wheels are used. All wheels are constructed on this 
principle of the third kind of lever. But in the con¬ 
struction of mills of modern date, they may be, in nine 
cases out of ten, all used on the principle of levers of 
the fii’st kind; which we shall clearly and simply illus¬ 
trate in this work, under the head of water-wheels. 


THE INCLINED PLANE. 

This mechanical power gives existence to a variety of 
useful machines of recent invention, and is used in com¬ 
bination wdth the lever of the first kind, which makes it 
a compound machine of extensive use. 

The wedge is simply an inclined plane, and may be 
considered, for many purposes, as one of the most useful 
of the mechanical powers. The next is the screw, which 
is a revolving inclined plane, and is used for pressure 
and raising heavy weights. The screw is a spiral groove 
cut round a cylinder, and everywhere describing the same 
angle with its length of thread, and, if unfurled and 
stretched, would form a straight inclined plane, tho 
length of which would be, to its height, as the circum- 


I 



AND millwright’s assistant. 


19 


fcrence of the cylinder is to the distance between two 
threads of the screw; for in making one round, the spi¬ 
ral rises along the cylinder the distance between two 
threads. The length of the plane is found by adding 
the square of the distance between the threads, and ex¬ 
tracting the square root of the same. As the length of 
an inclined plane is to the pitch or height of it, so is the 
weight to the power; or if the height of the plane be 
one-third its length, then one-third of the power will 
raise a body up the plane by rolling, that it would take 
to raise it up perpendicularly; but it would travel three 
times the distance. The general principle is—as the 
height of the plane is to the height or angle of inclina¬ 
tion, so is the weight to the pow'er, invariably. 


THE PULLEY. 

A Pulley is a mechanical assistant by which a great 
deal of power is obtained in a small compass, hut more 
convenient in accommodating the direction of power to 
that of resistance, as, by pulling downwards, we are able 
to draw a weight upwards; the advantage gained being 
twice the number of movable pulleys. The system of 
pulleys is very simple, and may be ascertained as follows : 

To find the weight that may be raised by a known 
power and a given number of pulleys, fixed or station¬ 
ary, multiply the power by twice the number of mova¬ 
ble pulleys, and the product is the weight the power 



20 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


equals. Example : To find the weight that a powei of 
180 lbs. will raise by a block and tackle, the bottom 
cr movable block consisting of four pulleys, 

multiply 180 
by 8 

Answer —equal to 1440 lbs. 

A single pulley may be constructed so that the weight 
will be as three times the power. When more than one 
rope is used, in a S 3 "stem of pulleys where the ends of 
one rope are fastened to the support and power, and the 
ends of the other to the lower and upper blocks, the 
weight is to the power as 4 to 1. The principal objec¬ 
tion to this machine is the loss of power by friction of 
the pulleys. 


MOTION. 

iMoTiON always is the eflfect of impulsive force, or the 
act of changing place. In mechanical engines it is un¬ 
derstood as the act of transmitting power, or the means 
by which power is distributed. Equality or inequality 
of motion is as the diameters of the wheels by which it 
is transniitted. The relative velocity of wheels is as the 
number of cogs contained in each wheel. To find the 
relative velocity or number of revolutions of the last 
wheel to one of the first: Rule, divide the product of 
the cogs of the wheels that are drivers by the product of 
the driven, and the quotient is the number. 




AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 


21 


Tr- find the number of cogs in a train of wheels to pro¬ 
duce a certain velocity; as the velocity required is to the 
number of cogs in the driven, so is the velocity of the 
driver to the number of cogs in the leader. To find the 
proportions that the velocities of the wheel in a train 
should bear to each other: Rule, subtract the less ve¬ 
locity from the greater, and divide the remainder by one 
less than the number of wheels in the train; the quo¬ 
tient is the number, rising, in arithmetical progression, 
from the less to the greater velocity. 

Before we dismiss the subject of motion, we shall now 
consider the first principles by which motion is obtained 
and governed, namely, absolute and relative. 

Absolute motion is that pertaining to the removal of 
material bodies from place to place, and governed en¬ 
tirely by the principles of natural philosophy, and per¬ 
taining only to the theory of mechanics; for in practical 
mechanics we have to do with relative motion only, 
which consists in the difference of time occupied by the 
motion of different bodies, as time is the specific measure 
of its velocity. There are but few branches of the me¬ 
chanic arts which are so essential to the millwright, as 
a proper knowdedge of the laws which govern, and on 
which the principles of mechanical motions are base d; as 
the trade consists in the use, construction, and arrang iment 
of engines of moving power, which in mills is thu force 
to move and facilitate the different manufactu w for 
which they are applied. 

Then the first thought of the practical mechani 4:.ould 
be, how to construct and arrange his machinery io that 


22 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


the power which he has to apply, may be used in the 
best possible mode of construction and arrangement of 
his machinery, on combined scientific and practical prin¬ 
ciples of mechanical economy. 

The next idea to be considered is one of mechanical 
importance, namely, that as motion increases power de¬ 
creases. This is what may be considered one of those 
self-evident facts apparent in the very nature of all en¬ 
gines that can possibly be constructed; and which is also 
evident from the first principle of the lever, when in 
equilibrium, as the power multiplied into its velocity or 
distance moved is equal to the weight multiplied into 
its velocity or distance moved. 

From these facts we see the necessity of guarding 
ourselves, as much as possible, against every absurd and 
unphilosophical practice of many millwrights of the 
present day, to wit, building mills with double gearing 
when single would be better; for single-geared mills are 
always cheaper in their construction, easier kept in re¬ 
pair, and, when properly constructed, are as powerful 
as the best double-geared mills in the most favourable 
situations. 

We suppose there are many who may differ with us in 
this opinion, and that we shall be obliged to present au¬ 
thority, to convince and establish our peculiar views in 
this particular. This we hope to do under its appropri¬ 
ate head of water-wheels. 

All must admit that double gearing diminishes power, 
by the increased resistance to motion, as that of friction; 
as the more machinery used for a given purpose, the 


AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 


23 


more it tends to complication, and the increasing power- 
destroying agent, friction. It must be admitted, also, 
that no power can be obtained by the addition of engines, 
while the velocity of the body moved remains the same. 
And machinery requiring a different velocity, where the 
driving power is the same, (as is the case in flouring 
mills, the motion being as varied as the different useful 
machines required in manufacturing grain,) should be 
attached as near as possible to the flrst moving wheel, as 
the greater the distance from the first driving wheel, the 
greater the force of resistance to motion, and produces a 
constant tendency to equilibrium, in all machines re¬ 
quiring a great velocity. 


CENTRAL FORCES. 

Bodies moving round a central point have a tendency 
to fly off in a straight line. This tendency is called the 
centrifugal force. It is opposite to the centripetal force, 
or that power which maintains a body in its curved state. 
Centrifugal force flies from the centre, centripetal force 
to the centre, and are called central forces. 

There is no real power attached to those forces called 
central forces, they being only the effect of the power 
which gives motion to all bodies, and can neither add to 
nor diminish the power of any mechanical or hydraulic 
engine, unless it be by friction, when water is the mov¬ 
ing power, and the machine changes its direction. The 



24 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


centrifugal forces of two unequal bodies, moving with 
the same velocity, and at the same distance from the* 
central body, are to one another as the respective quan* 
tities of matter in the two bodies. 

The centrifugal forces of two equal bodies which per 
form their revolutions around the central body in thv 
same time, but at different distances from it, are to ont^ 
another as their respective distances from the centrar 
body. The centrifugal forces of two bodies which per 
form their revolutions in the same time, and whose 
quantities of matter are inversely as their distances 
from the centre, are equal to one another. The cen¬ 
trifugal force of two equal bodies moving at equal dis¬ 
tances from the central body, but with different veloci¬ 
ties, are to one another as the squares of their velocities. 

The centrifugal forces of two unequal bodies moving 
at equal distances from the centre, with different veloci¬ 
ties, are to one another in the compound ratio of their 
quantities of matter and the squares of their velocities. 

The centrifugal forces of two equal bodies moving 
with equal velocities, at different distances from the 
centre, are inversely as their distances from the centre. 

The centrifugal forces of two unequal bodies moving 
with equal velocities, at different distances from the cen¬ 
tre, are to one another as their quantities of matter mul¬ 
tiplied by their respective distances from the centre. 

It should be considered that this central force com¬ 
municates no real power, it being only the effect of 
power which gives motion to a body, and can neither in¬ 
crease nor diminish the power of any mechanical engine. 


AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 


25 


FllICTION, Oil llESISTANCE TO MOTION. 

The greater part of all that is yet known with cer¬ 
tainty respecting the laws and properties which govern 
friction, is founded upon practical experiments, instituted 
on a large scale, and submitted to a great variety of 
trials, by some of the most eminent phibsophers of the 
last century. 

M. Colomb, member of the Academy of Science at 
Paris, and Professor Vince, of the University of Cam¬ 
bridge, have written the most scientific and accurate 
treatises on the natural laws of friction; by which we 
are informed that friction does not increase with the in¬ 
crease of rubbing surfaces j or, in other words, however 
the magnitude of the surface of contact may vary, the 
friction will still remain the same, so long as the pres¬ 
sure is unchanged. 

Friction supposes moving or tending to move on the 
surface of another, or, in words more explicit, occasioned 
by the uniting of bodies whose velocity is sufl&ciently 
great to produce friction. There are three ways in 
which one surface can move upon another, in each of 
which friction acts differently :— 

1. When one body slides upon the plain surface of 
another body. 

. 2. When one body, being cylindrical, rolls upon the 
surface of another body. 

3. When a solid cylinder is inserted in a hollow 

9 


‘26 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


cylindtT of greater diameter, and being pressed in any 
direction with a certain force, revolves with it, 

Coloinb has satisfactorily established, by repeated 
experiments, all of which are confirmed by the exjieri- 
ments of others, that, under the same circumstances, the 
friction of one surface moving upon another is in exact 
proportion to the pressure used and with which the sur¬ 
faces are urged together. 

Colomb, Ximenes, and Yince, in their experiments 
respecting the laws and properties which govern fric¬ 
tion, assert, that when any substance has several faces of 
different magnitudes, the friction will be the same on 
whatever face it is placed, except in an extreme case, 
when they found a slight deviation from the law; when 
the pressures used were extremely intense, it was found 
that the friction did not increase in quite so fast a pro¬ 
portion as the pressure. The deviation from the law 
was so inconsiderable, and happened only in such ex¬ 
treme cases, that it might be for the most part un¬ 
noticed. 

When one cylinder rolls upon the surface of another 
body, the friction is in proportion to the pressure; 
while with cylinders of the same substance, having 
different diameters, but equal pressures, the friction is 
inversely as the diameters. Again: cylinders of the 
same substance, differing both in diameter and pressure, 
the friction is directly as the pressure, and inversely as 
the diameters, or in a compound of the direct ratio of 
the pressure and the inverse ratio of the diameters. 

When a solid cylinder is inserted in a hollow cylinder 


AND MILL^\TlIGnT’s ASSISTANT. 


27 


of a greater diameter without rolling, if the hollow cylin¬ 
der be supposed to revolve around the axle, as happens 
in the case of a carriage wheel, every part of the surface 
of the box will be exposed to the effect of friction, while 
no part of the axle will suffer this effect except the side 
which comes in contact with the box, which is the side 
that is operated upon by the force of draft or pressure. 

Then the friction being equal to this force that over¬ 
comes friction and produces motion, multiplied by the 
radius of the wheel and divided by the radius of the 
hollow cylinder which plays upon the axle, then it ap¬ 
pears that the friction is greater than the preponderat¬ 
ing weight; in the proportion of the radius of the 
wheel to the radius of the cylinder. 

In the years 1831, 1832, and 1833, a very extensive 
set of experiments were made at Mentz, by M. Morin, 
under the sanction of the French government, to deter¬ 
mine, as near as possible, the laws of friction, and by 
which the following were fully adduced and established. 

1st. AVhen no urgent was interposed, the friction of 
any two surfaces, whether of quiescence or of motion, is 
directly proportioned to the force with which they are 
pressed perpendicularly together; so that, for any two 
given surfaces of contact, there is a constant ratio of the 
friction to the perpendicular pressure of the one surface 
fipon the other. While this ratio is thus the same for 
the same surfaces of contact, it is different for different 
surfaces of contact. The perpendicular value of it, in 
respect to any two given surfaces of contact, is called 
the co-cfficicnt of friction in respect to those surfaces. 


28 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


2d. When no urgent is interposed, the amount of the 
friction is, in every case, wholly independent of the ex¬ 
tent of the surfaces of contact; so that the force with 
which two surfaces are pressed together being the same, 
their friction is the same, whatever may be the extent 
of their surfaces of contact. 

3d. That the friction of motion is wholly independent 
of the velocity of the motion. 

4th. That where urgents are interposed, the co-effi¬ 
cient of friction depends upon the nature of the urgent, 
and upon the greater or less abundance of the supply. 

In respect to the nature or supply of the urgent, there 
are two extreme cases: that in which the surfaces of 
contact are but slightly rubbed with unctuous matter, as, 
for instance', with an oiled or greasy cloth; and that is 
W'hich a continuous flow or stratum of urgent remain? 
continually interposed between the moving surfaces of 
contact. 

Professor Morin found, that with urgents, hog’s-lard 
and olive oil, in a continuous stratum between surface 
of wood on metal, wood on wood, metal on metal, when 
in motion, have all of them very near the same co-effi¬ 
cient of friction, being in all cases included between 07 
and 08. 

The co-efficient for the urgent, tallow, is the same, 
except in that of metals upon metals. This substance 
seems to be less suited for metallic substances than the 
other, and gives for the mean value of its co-efficienh 
under the same circumstances, 10. Hence it is evident 
that where the extent of the surface sustaining a givei 


ANT) millwright’s ASSISTANT. 


29 


pressure is so great as to make the pressure less than 
that which corresponds to a state of perfect separation, 
this greater extent of surface tends to increase the fric¬ 
tion, by reason of that adhesiveness of the urgent, de¬ 
pendent upon its greater or less velocity, whose etfect is 
proportioned to the extent of surface between which it 
is interposed. 

Such is a description of the experiments founded by 
M. Morin, under the orders of the French government, 
to determine those laws of friction above alluded to. 


The following Tahle shows the result of those experiments 
on the friction of unctuous surf aces ; meaning surfaces 
without artificial means reducing the friction. By 
M. Morin. 


SURFACES OF CONTACT. 

COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION. 

Friction of 
motion. 

Friction of 
quiescence. 

Oak upon oak, the fibres being parallel 
to the motion. 

0.108 

0.390 

Oak upon elm, fibres parallel. 

0.130 

0.420 

T’eech upon oak, do. 

0.330 

Wrought iron upon brass. 

0.160 


Do. wrought iron. 

0.177 


Do. r.nst do. 

0.118 

Cast iron upon wrought iron. 

0.143 

Do. oak.... 

0.107 

0.100 

Do. cast iron. 

0.144 

Do. brass. 

0.132 


Drass upon cast iron. 

0.107 


Do. l)r.‘i,ss. 

0.134 


Vollow oonrtov niion onsU, iron. 

0.115 


Leather, well tanned, upon cast iron, wet. 
Do. brass, do.. 

0.229 

0.244 

0.207 

























80 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


Table 

Of the Results of Ejc^Kriments on Friction with UrQcnti 
interposed. By M. Morin. 


SURFACES OF CONTACT. 


Oak upon oak, fibres parallel, 
l)o. do. 

Do. do. 

Do. fibres perpendicular. 
Do. do. 

Do. do. 

Do. elm, fibres parallel, 
Do. cast iron. 


Do. wrought iron. 

Elm upon cast iron. 

Wrought iron upon fibres 



oak, J parallel, 

Do. 

do. 

Do. 

do. 

Do. 

elm, do. 

Do. 

cast iron. 

Do. 

• wrought iron, 

Do. 

brass. 

Do. 

do. 

Do. 

do. 

Cast iron upon cast iron. 

Do. 

wrought iron. 

Do. 

brass. 

Do. 

do. 

Brass upon 

brass. 

Do 

cast iron. 

Do. 

wrought iron. 

Yellow copper upon cast iron, 

Steel upon cast iron. 

Do. 

do. 


Do. wrought iron 
Do. brass. 


COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION. 


Friction of 
motion. 

Friction of 
quiescence. 

URGENTS. 

i 

0.104 

0.440 

Dry soap. 

0.075 

0.164 

Tallow. 

0.0G7 


Hog’s lard 

0.083 

0.250 

Tallow. 

0.072 


Hog’s lard. 

0.250 


W ater. 

0.036 


Dry soap. 

0.080 


Tallow. 

0.098 


Tallow. 

0.066 


Tallow. 

0.256 

0.649 

f Grease & 
\ water. 

0.214 


Dry soap. 

0.085 

0.108 

Tallow. 

0.078 


Tallow. 

0.103 

. I Tallow. 

0.082 


Tallow. 

0.103 


Tallow. 

0.075 


Hog’s lard. 

0.078 


Olive oil. 

0.314 


Water. 


0.100 

Tallow. 

0.103 


Tallow 

0.075 


Hog’s lard 

0.058 


Olive oil. 

0.086 

0.106 

Tallow. 

0.081 


Tallow. 

0.072 

0.103 

Tallow. 

0.105 

0.108 

Tallow. 

0.079 


Olive oil. 

0.093 


Tallow. 

0.056 


Tallow. 























































AND MILL^YRIG^T’S ASSISTANT. 


3) 


Professor Morin does not state the amount of press¬ 
ure used in the state of quiescence by which he found 
those results, or the motion used; consequently, we may 
safely infer them to be the same in each particular case, 
for both tables, with the urgents and without. 

The extent of the surfaces in these experiments bore 
such a relation to the pressure, as to cause them to be 
separated from one another throughout, by an interposed 
stratum of the urgent. 

Those experiments prove of great advantage to the 
mechanic, particularly the machinist, as by them we 
find the mode of regulating the different substances 
which produce the least friction. 

By referring to the first table, we discover the best 
kinds of metals which should be used for journals and 
journals bearings, as brass and cast iron, by experiment, 
prove to produce the least friction without any urgent. 
And, by reference to the second table, we find the ur¬ 
gent which, by its use, we can reduce the friction to the 
lowest point in all kinds of machinery—namely, olive 
oil. Another important point, which must naturally be 
considered by the machinist, in connection with the sub¬ 
ject of reducing friction in all kinds of machinery, to 
produce the best results, a due regard should be paid to 
the size of the bearings or journals, as the strength of 
all revolving shafts are directly as the cubes of their 
diameters, and inversely as the resistance they have to 
overcome. 

Mr. Buchanan, in his essay on the strength of shafts, 
gives the following from several experiments, viz.:— 


32 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


That the fly-wheel shaft of a 50 horse-power eiigine, at 
50 revolutions per minute, requires to be 7^ inches 
in diameter, and the cube of this diameter, being 
equal to 421^875, serves as a multiplier to all other 
shafts in the same proportion; and, taking this as as¬ 
certained, he gives the following multipliers, viz. : 
for the shafts of steam-engines, water-wheels, and all 
others eonnected with the first power, as 400 for shafts, 
in mills, leading from the water-wheel or first mover; 
to drive small machinery, 200; for the smaller shafts 
which lead from the main uprights, 100. The rulo 
being that the number of horses’ power a shaft is equal 
to is directly as the cube of the diameters and number 
of revolutions, and inversely as the above multipliers, 
BO should the size of the journals be. 

Some employ 340, instead of 240, as the multipliers, 
which gives too great a diameter to journals of second 
movers; and it should be remembered that these rules 
relate entirely to the size of the journals where the 
power applied is not more than 50 horse. The diame¬ 
ters of second movers may be found from those of the 
first, by multiplying by 8, and those of the third 
movers, by multiplying by 793, respectively. 

One kind of material may resist much better than 
another one kind of strain, but expose both to a differ¬ 
ent kind of strain, and that which was weakest before 
may now be strongest. This, for illustration, is the 
case between cast and wrought iron; the cast being 
stronger than the wrought when exposed to twisting oi* 


AND millwright’s assistant. 


33 


torsional strain 3 but malleable iron is the strongest 
when exposed to lateral pressure. 

We here give the results of a few experiments on the 
weight necessary to hoist journals of an inch in diameter 
close to their bearings :— 


Metals. 

Pounds. 

Ounces. 

Cast steel. 

...10 

9 

Cast iron. 

... 9 

• 7 

Blister steel. 

...16 

11 

Wrought iron.. 

...10 

2 

Swedish iron, wrought.. 

... 9 

8 

Hard gun-metal. 

... 5 

0 

Brass vent. 

... 4 

10 

Copper, cast.. 

... 4 

5 


The above rules are worthy the notice of all ma¬ 
chinists, as much of that beauty pertaining to me¬ 
chanical structure, depends on the proper proportioning 
of the magnitude of materials to the stress they have 
to bear, and what is of far more importance, its absolute 
security. It is a well-known fact, that a cast-iron rod 
will sustain more torsional pressure than a malleable 
iron rod of the same dimensions. When the strength 
of a malleable iron rod is less than that of cast iron to 
resist torsion, it is stronger than cast iron to resist 
lateral pressure; and that strength is as the proportion 
of 9 to 14. 

From these rules, it is easy for any millwright to 
make his shafts of iron best suited to overcome the re¬ 
sistance of friction, or any other material impediment 










34 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


to which they may be subject, and to proportion the 
diameters of the journals according to the iron of which 
they are inade. The diameter of a malleable iron jour¬ 
nal, to sustain an equal weight with a cast iron journal 
of 7 inches in diameter, requires to be 6.04 inches in 
diameter. 

Square bars, with a journal of one inch in diameter 
and one-fourth of an inch in length, gave the following 
results: Wrought iron, Ulster Co., New York, twisted 
with 326 lbs., and broke with 570 lbs. Wrought iron. 
Swedes, same length of lever in all cases, being thirty 
inches, twisted with 367 lbs., and broke with 615 lbs. 
Cast iron broke with 436 lbs. The diameters for light 
journals should be found by multiplying the diameters 
ascertained by the above rules, by 8 and 793, respect¬ 
ively. 

The rules embraced in the following table will be 
found of incalculable "value to the millwright, in ascer¬ 
taining the proper size of all journals, beginning with 
the smallest size first movers, of the power of from 4 to 
60 horse, and revolving from 10 to 100 revolutions per 
minute, and having 400 for their multiplier: 


AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 35 


,05Cr»<:nrf^i4i.COCOlOlO>— ‘t—‘1—‘1—‘1—* 

O cr« O cn O Cl O O OO O 4- lO O O CO 05 cn 4;^ 

Horse 

power. 

K—‘ ^ 1 — i H-* (—4 

05COtCt>;)H-‘^-*OOOCOGOGO-<I-^l--1000C;^C7x 

h-» 


054^05 bo ^10204^tCOC5COCDCi 



^ H-i r—1 ^ 

K'l—‘t—‘OOOOQOCO^i--vi^lCi:»o:'0:)C:)Cncncrxrfa- 



CSCiCOCOCnn-icOOtOOCsbo booii—*co 

CT' 


OOOCD‘:OOOQOG 0 ^^ 1 ^lC^C:)CnC;iOiOiOirfi-rf^ 



00 4^. -^1 CO CO 4»- 45.- Cl -^1 CO O -'I bi to Cl 



OCOOCOQCOO^'l^l^T^1C5C5CiCiCiC'i4^45^45^4:- 

t:) 


boDoicbo4^045.io ciicbocobi coc54^ 



C0Oc00000^*-I^C5C5C5 0'iCtC10*i4^4--4*-4^C0 

CO 


OOl— * •.vlC0CO4^i—‘C5C5l0c005 t0 O0O54i'l— 

0 


CO QO 00 00 ^ 05 05 05 Cl Cl CT 4- 4i- 4*. 45*- 45. CO CO 

CO 


bocit-‘bo^i-‘bo4^iccoc545.ococi4^I-‘cooo 



000000^1^^1C:505CiCiCiCiCi4-4.-4*45.45-MCO 



jc5i^ b54..I-*QOCOobob54..lC-.lCl4.-tC -^ICl 

0 


CO0O^^^lO5O5O5CiCiiCiCiCi4-4-45.45.O5O0W 


w 

Ic ' GO 45 . J-1 bo 05 -..1 05 45. bo 05 45. to CO 05 CO 

cn 

.<5 

■i^I^1^^t-^lC5O5CiCiCi<CiCi45^r.-45.4-CO05CO&5 


0 

^Ci' 45 .' bO-'lCic£)'c5 45-lO 0O45tOi—‘O^CitO 

0 

r* 

cl 

■<I^1^1 05 05 05 05CiCiCiCi45454545.^00C0 0005 

C7» 

H 

b 545 .Cobob 0 C 1 COC 545 .tO <0105 10 1— I ^tOCOi— I 

Cn 

0 

— 1-.1^05 05 05 05CiCiC;i45.4-4-45-45.COCOOOOOOO 

Oi 

2! 

^botO^^Coi-*45.tO 0045-14.1—* C005CICO 

0 


•..1^05 05 05 C5Cl<OiCi4*-4545-45.45COCOCOCOCOtO 

»♦#••••••••••••••••• 

C0tCCOCiO5*—‘COCII—‘C0'.145.C0 OOOOOOCitOCO 

0 

Cn 


^I^O5O5O5CiCi<d<0l45.45.4--45COO0C0O5CO00lO 



1 io ' bo bo ^ 0 ^ 45 bo 05 CO ic CO ^ 45 . 1 —* CO 

0 


05 05 05 05 05 C'iCiCi4545.4*.4.-45.COCOCOCOCOCOlO 



to to ^1 05 CO 00 CT to *—* 00 0 Cl to GO 



O5O5C5O5iO5<0iCiC7i4.45.45.4^4-MO000COWCOtO 

00 


b0C5Cli-* 0545.10)05 05 45.*-* -4 05 Ci45.t0 

0 


C5<35 05 05<OiCnC;i<Ci45.45.45.45.COCOOOOOOOCOtOIC 

00 


^JCI^' CDCICOI—*05Ci*f5. COC505(OiCOtOC005 



CO (05 05 05 Cl Cl Cl ^ 45 . 45 - 45 . 45 . CO 00 CO CO 00 W to to 
b5boiob>bo4.io Ci45.bo boC5(Oi4>.*45. coco 

0 

0 


05 05 (05 Cl Cl Cl Cl ^ 4- 4 . 4 . 00 CO W CO CO 00 w to to 

45.tso" bo^lboiobocibot0 0~ici45.coco Q005 

<D 

cn 


05 05Ci(OiCi<0<<Ci*45-45.45.^00&OOOOOOOWtOlOtO 

i^I_iio^b5to’ b545.Lo*-‘bob545.cototoco^ci 

100 



This table is calculated in inches and 12ths of an 
inch, and suited for mills and steam engines of all de 
scriptions. 

We have thought proper, in this place, to msert » 


Table of Diameters of Journals of First Movers. 





































































36 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 

correct table of the diameters and circumferences of 
circles, in inches, from 1 foot to 30, together with the 
area and side of equal square, which the millwright 
will find very convenient for all practical purposes : 


Tahle of the Circumferences of Circles^ AreaSj and Side 

of Equal Square. 


Diame¬ 

ters. 

Circum¬ 

ferences. 

Area. 

Side of 
Equal 
Square. 

Diame¬ 

ters. 

Circum¬ 

ferences. 

Area in 
feet, and 
of 1000 

Side of 
Equal 
Square. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Feet. 

Ft. 

In. 

Feet. 

Ft. 

In. 

12 

37.699 

110.097 

10.634 

8 

25 


50.265 

7 


13 

40.840 

132.732 

11.520 

9 

28 

H 

63.617 

7 

111 

14 

43.982 

153.938 

12.406 

10 

31 

5 

78.540 

8 

lOf 

15 

47.124 

176.715 

13.293 

11 

34 

6| 

95.003 

9 


16 

50.265 

201.062 

14.179 

12 

37 

H 

113.097 

10 

7 | 

17 

53.407 

226.980 

15.065 

13 

40 

10 

132.732 

11 


18 

56.548 

254.469 

15.951 

14 

43 

Ilf 

153.938 

12 


19 

59.690 

283.529 

16.837 

15 

47 

H 

176.715 

13 


20 

62.832 

314.160 

17.724 

16 

50 

H 

201.062 

14 

n 

21 

65.793 

346.361 

18.610 

17 

53 

H 

226.980 

15 

Of 

22 

69.115 

380.133 

19.496 

18 

56 


254.469 

15 


23 

72.256 

415.476 

20.384 

19 

59 

8f 

283.529 

16 

10 

24 

75.398 

452.390 

21.268 

20 

62 

H 

314.160 

17 

8| 

25 

78.540 

490.875 

22.155 

21 

65 


346.361 

18 


26 

81.681 

530.930 

23.041 

22 

69 

1-1 

380.133 

19 


27 

84.823 

572.556 

23.927 

23 

72 

3 

415.476 

20 


28 

87.964 

615.753 

24.813 

24 

75 

4f 

452.390 

21 

H 

29 

91.106 

660.541 

25.699 

25 

78 

fif 

490.875 

22 

H 

30 

94.248 

706.860 

26.586 

26 

81 


530.930 

23 


31 

97.389 

754.769 

27.472 

27 

84 

8f 

572.556 

23 

Ilf 

32 

100.531 

804.249 

28.358 

28 

87 


615.753 

24 


33 

103.672 

855.30 

29.244 

29 

91 

10 

660.521 

25 

8^ 

34 

106.814 

907.92 

30.131 

30 

94 

3 

706.860 

26 

7“ 

85 

109.956 

962.11 

31.017 







86 

113.097 

1017.87 

31.903 







48 

150.796 

1309.56 

42.537 







60 

188.496 

2827.44 

53.172 







72 

226.195 

4071.51 

63.806 







84 

263.894 

5541.78 

74.440 
































AND millwright’s assistant. 


37 


GE031ETRICAL DEFINITIONS OF THE CIR 
CLE AND ITS PARTS. 

1. A CIRCLE is a plain figure bounded by a curved line, 
called the circumference, every part of which is equally 
distant from a certain point, called the centre. 

2. The diameter of a circle is a straight line passing 
through the centre, and terminating at the circumfe¬ 
rence. 

3. The radius, at semi-diameter, is a straight line ex¬ 
tending from the centre to the circumference. 

4. A semi-circle is one-half of the circumference. 

6. A quadrant is one quarter of the circumference. 

6. An arc is any portion of the circumference. 

7. A chord is a straight line joining the two extremes 
of an arc. 

8. A circular segment is the space contained between 
an arc and its chord; the chord is sometimes called the 
base of the segment. The height of the segment is 
the perpendicular from the middle of the base of the arc. 

9. A circular sector is the space contained between 
an arc and the two radii, drawn from the extremes of 
the arc. 

10. A circular zone is the space contained between 
two parallel chords, from their bases. 

11. A circular ring is the space between the circum¬ 
ferences of two concentric circles. 

12. A lune, or crescent, is the space between two 
circular arcs which intersect each other. 

4 


38 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


13. An ellipsis is a cun’^ed line which returns into 
itself, like a circle, but having two diameters of unequal 
length, the longest of which is called the transverse, 
and the shortest the conjugate axis. 

Problem. —To find the circumference of a circle, tho 
diameter given:—Multiply the diameter by 22, and di¬ 
vide by 7. Or, for greater accuracy, multiply by 355, 
and divide the product by 113. 

Example:—What is the circumference of a circle, 
whose diameter is 40 feet ? Answer, 125 feet, G inches 
and |ths. See table of circumferences of circles, 
page 36. 


CENTRE OF PERCUSSION AND OSCIL¬ 
LATION. 

The centre of percussion and oscillation is the point 
in a body revolving around a fixed axis, so taken, that 
when it is stopped by any force, the whole motion, and 
tendency to motion of the revolving body, is stopped at 
the same time. It is also that point of a revolving 
body which would strike any obstacle with the greatest 
effect, and from this property it has received the name 
of percussion. The centres of oscillation and pcrcus* 
sion are generally treated separately; but the two cen¬ 
tres are in the same point, and therefore their properties 
are the same. As in bodies at rest, the whole weight 
may be considered as collected in the centre of gravity, 
BO in bodies in motion the whole force may be con¬ 
sidered as concentrated in the centre of percussion. 



AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 


89 


HYDROSTATICS. 


INTRODUCTION. 

In treating of the science of miliwrighting, it has 
been thought proper, bj some authors, to merely notice 
the science of hydrostatics, by simply pursuing the sub¬ 
ject under the head of hydraulics, with the assertion 
that hydrostatics treats of fluids in a state of rest only, 
and hydraulics of fluids in motion. The author of this 
work has thought proper to treat of the principles which 
govern both, under separate heads, as pertaining to 
water as a fluid only; it being the only fluid, in con¬ 
nection with air, which relates particularly to the mill¬ 
wright. 

Hydrostatics is a word formed from two Greek words, 
which signify water and the science which treats of the 
weight of bodies, and, as a branch of natural philoso¬ 
phy, treats of the nature of gravity, pressure, and mode 
of weighing solids in water. 

Water may be defined as a perfect fluid; and the less 
force that is required to move the parts of a fluid, the 
more perfect is that fluid, defined as a body. Philoso¬ 
phers agree, that the particles of the body which com¬ 
pose water are too small to be examined by the be 



40 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


glasses, bat that those particles are round and smooth : 
as all experience proves that water is composed of small 
globular particles. This fact is further proved by some 
experiments made by one of the ablest philosophers that 
ever lived, and one of the best mathematicians of an¬ 
tiquity, Archimedes. He made a globe of gold, and 
filled it with water, and closed it so accurately, that none 
could escape; the globe was then placed into a press, 
and a little flattened at the sides; the power of com¬ 
pression was applied to force the water into a smaller 
space : but the result was, the water was forced through 
the pores of the gold, and stood upon the surface like 
drops of dew; which fact induced the philosopher to 
establish the idea that water was incompressible. Which 
fully establishes the fact, that the particles of which 
water is composed are very hard; for if they were not 
so, you can easily conceive, that since there are vacui¬ 
ties between them, as we assert there are, they must, by 
very great pressure, be brought closer together, and 
would evidently occupy less space, which is contrary to 
fact. 


ON THE UPWARD AND DOWNWARD PRES¬ 
SURE OF WATER. 

Having examined the nature of the fluid, water, 
the next subject of importance is the upward and down¬ 
ward pressure of the fluid being equal. This principle 
may be easily explained, by the fact that two reservoirs 



AND MILLWRTOIIt’s ASSISTANT. 


41 


of 18 feel (loop cacli may be connected by a pipe of 
10 inches in diameter; by filling one of the reservoirs 
with water, opening the pipe so as to allow a free com¬ 
munication of the water between them, the pipe being 
inserted in the bottom of each, the water will pass from 
one to the other till it stands at the same depth in each. 
Fluids always tend to a natural level, or curve similar 
to the earth’s convexity, every point of which is equally 
distant from the centre of the earth; the apparent 
level, or level taken by any instrument for that pur¬ 
pose, being only a tangent to the earth’s circumference. 
The pressure of water is not in a straight line, but m 
propagated in every direction,—upwards, downwaris- 
sideways, and oblique; from which property it alv/ay" 
tends, when at rest, to a true level. 

The next point of importance, in relation to the pres¬ 
sure of water, is the influence which exists between water 
and air, and which we denominate as atmospheric pres¬ 
sure. 

It is by the affinity which exists between the fluids, 
water and air, that we can use them as the motive 
power in assisting mankind to accomplish by their use 
what would require the application of animal force for 
mechanical purposes. It is by this principle of the 
pressure of air on water, by which water is raised to the 
height required by means of the common pump. 

The pressure of the atmosphere on the surface of the 
earth rates from 12 to 15 pounds per square inch. To 
illustrate our subject more clearly, we will take up the 
principle of the common pump, the principle being 


42 


THE AMERICAN iAITLLER, 


ruled by the pressure of the atmosphere on the water, 
by which we are able to raise a given quantity of water 
to the height of that limited point; which is, if the 
water in a well be more than 32 or 33 feet from the 
valve, you might pump continually without effect; as 
a column of water 33 feet in height is equal to 15 
pounds, the pressure of the atmosphere on every square 
inch, which results in a perfect equilibrium of the 
fluids; and in constructing this kind of pump, the valve 
should never be placed to exceed 28 feet beyond the 
level of the water, owing to the change which continu¬ 
ally takes place in the pressure of the atmosphere. It 
may be proper here to state the comparative difference 
that exists between the specific gravity of water and air: 
one cubic foot of fresh w^ater is 800 times heavier than 
the same quantity of air at the surface of the earth, 
supposing the barometer to stand 30 inches in height. 

Without this principle of natural philosophy, which 
treats of the pressure of the air, there would be no sueh 
thing as the downw'ard and upward pressure of fluids, by 
which we are able to use them beneficially in all mechani¬ 
cal operations. 


SPECIFIC GRAVITY. 

Before we enter upon the methods of obtaining the 
speeific gravity of bodies, it will be right to premise a 
few particulars, which it is necessary should be well 
understood. We must first understand that the specific 



AND millwright’s assistant. 


48 


gravity of different bodies depends upon the different 
quantities of matter which equal bulks of these bodies 
contain. As the momenta of different bodies are esti¬ 
mated by the quantities of matter when the velocities 
are the same, so is the specific gravity of bodies esti¬ 
mated by the quantities of matter when the bulks or 
magnitudes are the same. As the relative weight of 
any body of a certain bulk is, compared with the 
weight of some body, taken as a standard, of the same 
bulk,—the standard of comparison being water, one 
cubic foot of which is found to weigh 1000 ounces 
avoirdupois, at a temperature of GO degrees Fahrenheib— 
so the weight expressed in ounces of a cubic foot of any 
body, will be its specific gravity. 

To determine the specific gravity: If a body be a 
solid heavier than water, weigh it first in air, note the 
weight; then immerse it in water, and note this weight 
also; then divide the body’s weight in air by the differ¬ 
ence of the weights in air and water, and the quotient 
is the specific gravity of the body. If it be a solid 
lighter than water, tie a piece of metal to it, so that the 
compound may sink in water; then, to the weight of 
the solid itself in air, add the weight of the metal in 
water, and from this sum subtract the weight of the 
compound in water, which difference makes a divisor to 
a dividend, which is the weight of the solid in air; then 
the quotient will be the specific gravity. If the body 
be a fluid, take a solid, whose specific gravity is known, 
that will sink in the fluid; then take the diffi^rcncc of 


44 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


the weights of the solid in and out of the fluid, and 
multiply this difference by the specific gravity of the 
solid; then this product, divided by the weight of the 
body in air, will give the specific gravity of the fluid. 

On this principle, we have inserted a table of specific 
gravities. The columns, ^‘specific gravity,” represent 
the weight of a cubic foot in ounces avoirdupois. 


Tahle of Sjyecifc Gravities. 



Specific 


Specific 


gravity. 


gravity. 

Distilled water. .. 

1.000 

Elm. 

0.600 

Sea water. 

1.026 

Cork. 

0.240 

Iflatina. 

23.000 

Cast steel. 

7.833 

Standard gold.. . . 

17.486 

Wax. 

0.897 

Mercury. 

13.560 

Tallow. 

0.943 

Standard silver.. . 

10.391 

Olive oil. 

0.915 

Lead. 

11.352 

Vitriol. 

1.841 

Drass. 

8.396 

Apple tree. 

0.793 

Copper. 

Jin. 

7.788 

Mahogany, Span.. 

0.852 

7.291 

Boxwood. 

0.912 

Cast iron. 

7.207 

Logwood. 

0.913 

Dar iron. 

7.788 

Ebony. 

1.331 

Zinc. 

7.191 

Liguumvitae. 

1.333 

Flint glass. 

3.290 

• 


]\Iarble. 

Ivory . 

2.700 

1.825 

Of Gases. 


Coal. 

1.250 

Hydrogen. 

0.0694 

Oil. 

0.940 

Carbon. 

0.4166 

Oak, American. . 
Oak, English.... 

0.900 

Steam of water. . . 

0.481 

0.925 

Carburetted Ilyd. 

0.9722 

Ash, white. 

Ash, black. 

0.800 

Azote. 

0.9723 

1.1111 

1.218 

0.812 

Oxvp’en . 

Maple, hard. 

0.755 

Nitric acid. 
















































AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 


45 


The specific gravity of atmospheric air, at a tempera¬ 
ture of 60 degrees Fahr., and barometric column 30 
inches, is, according to experiments, proved’to be 1.22, 
which shows water to be 800 times heavier—the air 
being at its greatest density. 


HYDRODYNAMIC POWER OF WATER¬ 
WHEELS. 

Under the head of that science called Hydrodynamics, 
we shall discuss the most important principles of water, 
as applied by the millwright for •propelling machinery, 
in the various modes of application, by the use of the 
water-wheel—an engine of real mechanical utility. To 
construct a water-wheel by which we may use water to 
its greatest effect in propelling mills of various kinds, a 
thorough knowledge of the sciences of hydrostatics and 
hydrodynamics is indispensable to the millwright; and 
without the knowledge of those laws of natural philoso¬ 
phy which these sciences illustrate, the millwright is in¬ 
competent to use water on principles of scientific econo¬ 
my. For a more definite and accurate illustration of our 
subject, we shall denominate those important principles 
as first, second, and third. First principles of all fluids, 
more particularly water, are governed by natural laws; 
second principles are governed by the application of the 
degree of science used in those principles; and the third 
consists in the inventive genius of mankind, as developed 
in the various machines constructed by his hands, by 



46 THE AMERICAN MILLER, 

which he uses water as the propelling power of those 
machines. 

Before we speak of the construction of any of those 
machines, we shall first illustrate two powers, when used 
as such, which are innate principles of the non-elastic 
fluid, water—namely, action and reaction. The latter 
principle, as a power, has been established and acknow¬ 
ledged by all writers on the subject, whether mechanics 
or philosophers ; but its use, in connection with the first 
or direct action of water, is as yet but little known to 
the most enlightened on the subject of hydraulics. 


ON THE ACTION AND REACTION OF WATER, 
AS APPLIED TO WATER-WHEELS. 

WiiAT we mean by the action of water is, the first 
impulse communicated to either a water-wheel or other 
body by being exposed to the force of a column of water 
from any perpendicular height; and if that force be 
communicated with that body at right angles, the effect 
by impulse will be the greatest. It is by the action of 
impulse alone, undershot water-wheels are propelled. 
The reactive power of water is obtained by the whirling 
vortex of the water, and only obtained by a wheel made 
suitable to the motion of the water, when used in con¬ 
nection with the direct action of water on a wheel made 
expressly to suit those two actions of the fluid. For all 
purposes where motion is required in the various me¬ 
chanical engines, the greatest power possible can be ob- 



AND millwright’s assistant. 


47 


tallied by water applied in this manner. The direct 
action of water by impulse, when applied to a wheel, 
receives a change of motion by the resistance of the 
burden to be overcome. As the stroke by impulse is 
communicated to the bucket of the wheel, only one-half 
of the power of the column of water is received, until 
the other action is communicated from the wheel to the 
body of water in which it stands. But as soon as the 
wheel moves, it forms a whirling vortex, which acts in 
a contrary direction to the first action of the water by 
impulse; consequently, by this means we receive a 
double action of the same water, which gives a double 
power. 

But the only difficulty existing is the want of proper 
knowledge, by the millwright, how to construct a water¬ 
wheel so that those two powers may be united, as they 
should be, to form a perfect action on two separate sections 
of the water-wheel. As it is impossible to combine direct 
action and reaction on the same section or bucket, hence 
the reason why so many have failed in their purpose in 
the use of the reaction water-wheel. Within the last 
ten or fifteen years, a numerous tribe of reaction water¬ 
wheels have sprung into existence, all aiming at the 
main object, if possible, to supersede each other in using 
the least complement of water to perform the greatest 
amount of work. But, from a personal examination of 
their construction, I have found that the reaction prin¬ 
ciple is more fully perfected in the most of them, with¬ 
out the slightest appearance of a knowledge of any other 
principle but reaction alone. Such wheels are only 


48 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


adapted to streams where there is no necessity for eco* 
noniy in the use of water. I have seen other wheels, 
again, where the opposite principle was the only one 
used; and, in back-water, could not be used at all. 
The latter kind is acted upon by the impulse of the 
water only, and only produces, like the undershot wheel, 
half of the effect due to the water used. To unite direct 
action and reaction on the same wheel, the buckets re¬ 
quire to be shaped as different as the action of the water 
is different and contrary; for the action by impulse of 
the water should act on the wheel in a manner which 
will communicate the greatest force, on the section on 
which it acts, by its stroke; and in all cases the sur¬ 
face of the upper buckets should be equal in area to the 
column of water acting against them. 

The reaction principle is purely an American inven¬ 
tion for using water on wheels, and was exported from 
America to Europe about the year 1828, according to 
an account of the introduction of this principle of reac¬ 
tion, as we find it noticed at some length in a scientific 
journal published in Paris; and, from the description, 
we suppose it to be the first American model, as invented 
by Parker about the year 1828. The wheel is exten¬ 
sively used in France, and called there the tourhillion^ 
or turbine water-wheel, and derives its name from the 
principle by which the power is obtained—namely, the 
whirling vortex. But I discover they continue the same 
error in France, as well as in America, in applying the 
water t) act on those wheels by reaction only, and also 
in app’ jfing the water at the centre of the wheel, and 


AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 49 

#•' 

having the discharge at the verge. This is wrong, and 
contrary to the mechanical principle of using the wheel 
us a lever of the first kind, where the power should be 
used at one end, the weight being at the other, and the 
axis being the fulcrum of central motion. 

We also wish to notice what must be seen by every 
person in its proper light, who will take time to examine 
the subject and test it by experience, as we know it to be 
unphilosophical. It is the mode that many of the inven¬ 
tors and vendors of reaction water-wheels have, of plac¬ 
ing them to work onhorizontal shafts, instead of vertical. 
We presume all should be aware, that when a water¬ 
wheel is working horizontally, the motion tends to de¬ 
stroy, to a great extent, the reaction power of the water. 
Skeptics to this doctrine very naturally ask. Why? We 
answer by saying, experience and practice on the sub¬ 
ject tell, that it is the direction in which the wheel runs 
that the greatest amount of surface of contact is operated 
upon by the water. Those who favour this horizontal 
mode of application tell us, that the distance from the 
centre of the axis on which the wheel is hung, is just 
sufl&cient to produce the greatest maximum eficct of the 
reaction power of the water. To this we say, that only 
having one-half of the wheel submerged, you can obtain 
but one-half of the effect of what we call the action of the 
current of the water; passing, as it does, through the 
drat-boxes or casing in which the wheel runs; and the 
power of which would be simply in proportion as the 
wheel comes in contact with the water. It must also be 
remembered that the water on those wheels never changes 


50 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


its direction, except where the wheel carries it back, which 
is more or less generally the case when the bucket on 
which it acts is constructed on a very short curve. This 
is the case with nine-tenths of the wheels of this descrip¬ 
tion. In applying the water to the wheel, its action is in a 
tangent with the issue, so that the vortex must be also in 
the same line, and nothing of the whirling motion that 
would take place if the wheel was working in a vertical 
position. To make this subject plainer, we say that a 
horizontal wheel running in a tangent, the water can 
have no other direction (except in the case above referred 
to) than that of a straight line, which the position of 
the wheel describes to contrary lines, which completes 
the formation of the whirling vortex motion given to the 
water by the wheel after the wheel has received the per¬ 
cussion stroke of the water. This principle makes the 
reaction power perfect, if the wheel is placed to work 
properly, which should be as follows. 


ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE COMBINA¬ 
TION REACTION WATER-WHEEL, 

And the method of applying the water for propelling 
itj to produce the greatest effect. 

The great mechanical effect of reaction water-wheels 
is in proportion to the principles of seientific knowledge 
displayed in their construction. To enable us to rank 
them in the order of first-class wheels, from our remarks 



AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 


51 


on the hy.clrodynainic power of reaction wheels, we have 
endeavoured to explain all the leading principles which 
seem to us to be absolutely necessary for the millwright 
to understand; so as to give him an adequate idea of the 
groundwork or root of those principles; and also point¬ 
ing out all erroneous forms of construction and appli¬ 
cation of what might be useful, if applied as science 
dictates, in those wheels alluded to in our previous 
remarks. 

The great superiority of the combination of power, in 
applying water on reaction wheels, requires but to be 
seen to be universally adopted and established, in pre¬ 
ference to the combined and effective power of water 
used on the overshot wheel, the defects in which we shall 
establish under its proper head. In the overshot water¬ 
wheel, there are but two mechanical principles which 
can be depended upon as effective in their application— 
namely, that of the lever of the second kind, and the 
use of the water by its gravity; while the reaction 
wheel combines three —that is, when the water is ap¬ 
plied, like the overshot, at the verge. Although differ¬ 
ing from the overshot in the principle of the lever, as 
the reaction wheel acts as a lever of the first kind, 
which, according to the principle of the lever of the 
first kind, as explained in Mechanics, page 15, whose 
power is as 12 to 1, and the former wheel, according to 
the lever, as explained in Mechanics, page 17, is but 8 
to 1. So much for the advantage gained, in favour of 
reaction wheels on the first principle—namely, the 
lever. 


52 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 

The second principle is the application of the water 
by its gravity and pressure; the third, the combining 
of the reaction force of the water with the first or direct 
action, as explained on page 46. The proper method 
of constructing a reaction water-wheel to act on those 
principles is as follows : 

First, let the millwright consider what direction is 
best for him to conduct the water on his wheel; (we 
recommend it to issue from the head at right angles 
with the buckets.) Then we ask, what position should 
the bucket of the wheel be in with the axis of the wheel, 
to receive the greatest effect of the stroke by the direct 
action or percussion power of the water? We answer, 
transversely; so that the surface of the bucket next the 
water should describe a perpendicular plane, measuring 
the same width as the aperture through which the water 
issues on the wheel; then the bucket would meet the 
W'ater at right angles. But the reaction bucket must be 
attached and stand in the form of an inclined plane, 
gradually inclining from its connection with the trans¬ 
verse bucket, from the lower edge of the top bucket to 
its terminus. The angle of inclination requires to bo in 
accordance with the length of the bucket. The greater 
the length of bucket, the greater the angle of inclina¬ 
tion ; but in no case should the inclination be less 
than 45°. 

When the wheel is completed, its bottom should re¬ 
semble an ordinary screw, the bottom tier of buckets 
forming the thread; and in placing them to work, they 
should be set over a pit, connecting with the tail-race, 


AND millwright’s assistant. 


63 


at least two feet in depth, and the tail-race requires to 
be sufficiently deep that the water from the wheels may 
not be impeded by any unnecessary resistance. For 
mills of four run of stones, where it would be necessary 
to use five of these combination and reaction wheels, the 
tail-race ought never to be less than twelve feet wide, 
and two feet eight inches in depth. From what we 
learn of the nature of water under the head of Hydro¬ 
statics, page 89, we find it necessary to construct water¬ 
wheels out of material that will resist the water’s pene¬ 
trating into the wheel, as it is the case where wood is 
used in their construction. The introduction of cast 
iron is a most essential improvement, inasmuch as the 
resistance from friction is about one-third less f han wood, 
besides its great durability; and where the wheels are 
well protected, by racks placed in the flumes to keep out 
all obstructions, they will last a lifetime. 

This wheel, as described, is the one patented by Mr. 
Lansing, of Indiana, some few years since, and is well 
known to the author of this work as being a superior 
first-class wheel, infinitely superior to the overshot for 
many reasons. We regret exceedingly not being able 
to furnish drawings of it in time for this volume. 


54 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 

A TABLE 

Of the Velocities of the Comhination Reaction Water-wheeh 
per minute, from heads of from four to thirty feet 
calculated at the maximum point of effect, or what is 
generally called the working point,” being one-third 
less than the greatest velocity of the water, for wheels 
of the following size : 


Diameters, in feet and inches. 


Head. 

2 

24 

3 

34 

4 

44 

5 

54 

6 

64 

7 

74 

8 

4 

122 

98 

81 

70 

61 

54 

49 

44 

40 

37 

35 

33 

30 

5 

137 

109 

91 

78 

68 

60 

54 

49 

45 

42 

39 

36 

34 

6 

149 

120 

100 

85 

75 

66 

60 

54 

50 

46 

42 

40 

37 

7 

160 

129 

107 

92 

81 

71 

64 

58 

53 

49 

46 

43 

40 

8 

173 

138 

115 

98 

86 

76 

69 

62 

57 

53 

49 

46 

43 

9 

184 

147 

122 

105 

92 

81 

73 

66 

61 

56 

52 

49 

46 

10 

194 

154 

128 

110 

97 

86 

77 

70 

64 

59 

55 

51 

48 

11 

203 

162 

135 

115 

101 

90 

81 

73 

67 

62 

57 

54 

50 

12 

212 

169 

141 

121 

106 

94 

84 

77 

70 

65 

60 

56 

53 

13 

220 

176 

147 

126 

110 

98 

88 

80 

73 

67 

63 

59 

55 

14 

229 

183 

153 

131 

114 

102 

91 

83 

76 

70 

65 

61 

57 

15 

237 

189 

158 

135 

118 

105 

94 

86 

79 

72 

67 

63 

59 

16 

245 

196 

163 

140 

122 

109 

98 

89 

81 

75 

70 

65 

61 

17 

252 

201 

168 

144 

126 

112 

100 

91 

84 

t 1 

72 

67 

63 

18 

260 

207 

173 

148 

130 

115 

103 

94 

86 

80 

74 

69 

65 

19 

266 

213 

177 

152 

133 

118 

106 

97 

«8 

82 

76 

71 

66 

20 

274 

219 

182 

156 

137 

121 

109 

100 

91 

84 

78 

73 

68 

21 

281 

224 

187 

160 

140 

124 

112 

102 

93 

86 

80 

75 

70 

22 

288 

229 

191 

164 

143 

127 

114 

105 

95 

88 

82 

76 

72 

23 

294 

234 195 

167 

146 

131 

117 

107 

97 

90 

84 

78 

73 

24 

300 

239 199 

170 

149 

133 

119 

109 

99 

92 

85 

79 

74 

25 

307 

245 

204 

175 

153 

136 

121 

111 

102 

94 

87 

82 

76 

26 

313 

249 

208 

178 

156 

138 

124 

113 

104 

96 

89 

83 

78 

27 

318 

254 

212 

182 

159 

141 

127 

116 

106 

98 

91 

85 

79 

28 

324 

259 

216 

185 

162 

144 

129 

118 

108 

100 

92 

86 

81 

29 

330 

263 

219 

188 

164 

*46 

131 

120 

110 101 

94 

88 

82 

30 

335 

268 223 

191 

167 

149 

134 

123 

1121103 

95 

89 

84 



































AND millwright’s assistant. 


55 


A TABLE 

0/ the number of inches of Water necessary to dr ive one 
run of StoneSj with all the requisite machinery for 
grist and saw mills, which will he found convenient for 
all qyracticalpurposes. Under heads of water from 4 
to 30 feet. 


of head, 
in feet. 

Size of stone, 
in feet. 

Horae 

power. 

Horse 

power. 

Number of saws being one. 

H 

4 

4 

558 

460 

6 

5 

The same quantity of wa- 

5 

363 

300 


• • • 

ter that is here used for a 

6 

311 

250 



four-foot stone is sufficient 

7 

245 

200 



for one saw; and where a 

8 

190 

160 



greater number of either 

9 

163 

130 



saws or stones are required, 

10 

137 

112 



you should double the quan- 

11 

122 

102 



tity in proportion to the 

12 

107 

89 



number, as in the case of 

13 

95 

80 



four run of stones; you re- 

14 

83 

70 


•... 

quire four wheels, with the 

15 

75 

62 



same number of inches for 

IG 

68 

57 



each size stone, as per table. 

17 

62 

51 



But, in all cases, for mer- 

18 

57 

47 



chant flouring milts, you re- 

19 

52 

44 



quire an extra wheel, which 

20 

48 

41 



all the machinery should be 

21 

45 

37 



attached to, with about one- 

22 

43 

35 



half the power as calculated 

23 

39 

32 



for one run of 4^ feet stones. 

24 

37 

30 




25 

35 

29 




26 

32 

27 




27 

31 

26 




28 

29 

24 




29 

28 

23 




30 

26 

22 

... 




Note.— A horse po^w 


cr is considered equal to 


raised one foot high. 


?.3,00U 11)3. 






















t)G THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


OVERSHOT OR BREAST WHEELS. 

The following table shows the required length of 
overshot or breast wheels, on falls from 10 to 30 feet, 
to drive from one to four run of four and a half feet 
stones, with all the necessary machinery for a merchant 
flouring mill. The column marked “ Fall’^ shows the 
number of feet fall on the breast wheel, or the diameter 
of the overshot. 


Diameter 

N umber of run of stones. 


of overshot 





iu fall. 

1 

2 

3 

4 



Length 
of wheel 

twice. 

3 times. 

4 limes. 

Multiply the number of 


in feet. 




run required by the length 

10 

7 




as stated in the table. 

11 

61 





12 

5| 




Example: 

13 

4 




What should the length 

14 

5" 




of either a breast or an over- 

15 

41 




shot wheel be, to drive 3 run 

16 

4 } 




of stones, on a fall of 18 

17 

4 




feet ? Look at 18 feet, the 

18 

4 




height of the head; then 

19 

3| 




we have opposite 4 feet 

20 



• 


for 1 run, which, multi- 

21 





plied by 3, produces 12 

22 





feet, the length required. 

23 

3 




The same quantity of wa- 

24 

3 




ter used on the combination 

25 





reaction wheel will suit the 

26 

4 




breast and overshot, begin- 

27 





ning at 10 feet head. 

28 

21 





29 

21 





1-0 

21 




















a k 




r: 




r I 








v 


V. 






► • 


► • 2 

I i> 


I 






% 




\ 
I -• 

f 





























AND MILLAVUIGtit’s ASSISTANT. 57 

It is desirable that the millwright should possess easy 
rules, which will answer the purpose of practice rather 
than theory. The first table will be found acceptable; 
as it gives the velocity for all the wheels of the reac¬ 
tion and combination principle, where the water is 
discharged, as it should be, at the centre. 


HOWD’S IMPROVED DIRECT ACTION 
WATER-WHEEL, 

With directions for using the same, hy S. B. Howd. 

This is a wheel which, when properly located, is ad¬ 
mirably adapted for mills of all kinds, working the water 
on the tourhillion principle, being the whirling vortex, 
or better known as reaction principle. 

Its superiority over the old-fashioned reaction wheel 
consists in applying the water on the wheel at the verge 
and discharging it at the centre, by .which you use the 
wheel as a lever of the first kind, instead of applying 
the water at the centre and discharging it at the verge, 
as by the old-fashioned reaction, by which its power is 
reduced to the lever of the third kind, and, as a natural 
consequence, takes as much more water to perform the 
same business as the difference in the mechanical prin¬ 
ciples of the lever vary from each other. 

This wheel can be used to good advantage on low 
sluggish streams, where back water is prevalent. We 
here give a draft of the wheel, made by Ste_phen Ales^ 



58 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 

and used by him, with directions for making the same 
by Mr. Ilowd, the original inventor. 


DIRECTIONS 

nor mahing tlie several parts of Ilowd’s Latest Improved 
Water- Wheels and setting it up. 

Submerge the wheel so that no part of it will be 
above the water in low water. The stepping should be 
concave and convex, the concave in the shaft. The 
stepping should be from 4 to 6 inches in diameter, the 
convex should be made of hard maple, well seasoned; 
make it in a proper shape, then let it soak in tallow at 
least three days, blood warm; let the tallow cool before 
you take it out; then bore several three-eighth holes, be¬ 
ginning without the knot, in two or three places, upon 
a curvilinear line running to the periphery of the step; 
fill them with bar lead; make the concave of cast iron 
highly polished. 

The disk should be made of two-inch plank, double¬ 
face it on both sides, and firmly pin them together. 
Spot it on the under side in the centre, bolt it fast to the 
flange of the eye on the upper side, then hang it on the 
shaft, on a false step; scribe the top and bottom, work 
off the top, strike your circle for the out edge of the 
risers, work it off bevelling under half inch; lay out the 
places for the risers, unhang it, turn it over, work off 
the bottom, turn it back, put on the risers; let in the 



AND MILLWRiailT’s ASSISTANT. 59 

]aps of the lower rims of the water-wheel; bore for the 
bolts that hold the wheel to the risers, mark the cants, 
and let them by. 

The directions given above are intended where an iron 
shaft, iron eye and flange are used, whereby the disk is 
attached to the shafts. 

When a wooden shaft is used, the form of making 
the disk and attaching it to the shaft should be varied. 
Dress your planks on one side and pin them together 
slightly, then work on some plank from four to six 
inches thick, on the under side in the centre, at least 
one half the diameter of the disk, bevelled up to an 
edge, and firmly pin the whole together. 

Hang the disk with reference to the under side. It 
is necessary that the disk should be hung as low down 
on the shaft as possible, and in such a manner as will 
prevent it from working up and down; in order to do 
this efficiently, four or more straps of iron with a hook 
on one end, should bo firmly spiked on to the shaft with 
hooks as low down as you wish to hand the bottom of 
the disk, then wedge it from the upper side and fasten 
the wedges in by means of pins inserted into the shaft 
through the upper end of the disk and through the 
wedges on an angle of about forty-five degrees, then work 
off the top and periphery, as above described. 

The above directions would require a model of the 
wheel and its parts, to give an adequate idea of con¬ 
structing it, without which no millwright who may not 
be acquainted with the wheel should be expected to 
construct one perfectly. 


60 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


The draft accompanying this article gives a full view 
of the wheel, with the exception of the disk or top part. 
As to the number of buckets necessary for a wheel, it is 
left entirely to the option of the millwright, as expe¬ 
rience teaches that the more water you wish to discharge, 
the more buckets will be necessary—from eight to 
twenty-four. Mr. Howd recommends the number of 
shutes in a wheel of seven and eight feet in diameter, 
to be twenty-four. 


JAGGER’S PATENT TURBINE WATER¬ 
WHEEL. 

The annexed engravings are views of an improve¬ 
ment in the French Turbine Water-Wheel, invented by 
Ira Jagger, of the city of Albany, N. Y., and for 
which a patent was granted on the 19 th of October, 
1852. Figure 1 is a profile section through the centre; 
figure 2 is a perspective view of the wheel as set in its 
proper position; and figure 3 is a plan or horizontal sec¬ 
tion taken through x y. A being the fixed part, or 
shute chamber, with the shutes B B, and C the wheel 
with its adjustable buckets, the same letters refers to like 
parts. The improvement consists in a sliding gauge or 
lip, secured to the extremity of each bucket, as shown 
at a 5 c, in the figures, for the extension of the bucket, 
and fitted to the concave surface of the interior of it, 
by means of which the orifice of discharge, and its direc¬ 
tion, is regulated according to the head under which the 



JAGQEll’S PATENT TURBTNE. 

















































































































AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 


61 


wheel works, and the amount of work to be done, and 
thus obtain the maximum efiect with every varying head 
of water; also adapting the wheel to the work to be done, 
which in many cases varies a great deal. The lip ir a 
rectangular plate of iron reaching from the top fo the 
bottom of the bucket; its back surface next the bucket 
is curved, so as to fit the curved surface of the bucket. 
This lip is secured in its place by screw bolts a, sliding 
through a slot in the bucket, and tapped into a lip, and is 
regulated by sliding the said lip to or from the bucket 
directly in front of it, so as to diminish or increase the 
space between it and that bucket, as shown in figures 2 
and 3, where the lip h is shown as nearly closing the 
exit passage, and the lip c as leaving the space between 
the buckets entirely open. A gate is placed between 
the shute chamber and the wheel, by which to regulate 
the supply of water to the wheel, so that there may be 
a due proportion between the quantity of water pressing 
into the wheel and that flowing out, as shown in figures 
1 and 3, at y. It is pierced with slots equal in size and 
corresponding in form to the external openings of the 
shutes, and has the edges of the slots bevelled, so as to 
deliver the water with as little interruption as possible, 
in whatever situation they may be in reference to the 
openings in the shutes. The gate is moved or shifted 
round horizontally, so as to close, to a greater or less 
degree, the openings of the shutes by any mechanical 
device. 

A very important object is claimed and obtained m 
this patent, viz.: the adjustable lip sliding on the inner 

6 


62 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


face of the buckets to regulate the openings between the 
outer edges of the buckets, and thereby the flow of water 
from the wheel, thus adapting the lines of this turbino 
to the head of water and amount of work to be done, 
however varying these may be. The water is taken in 
at the bottom of the wheel, and every inch of head is 
made available.' In some situations, at different times 
of the year, the head and quantity of water vary greatly; 
this wheel is specially adapted for such places. The 
wheel is simple, strong, and durable, and not liable to be 
obstructed by ice. We would state here, that we have 
seen some unsolicited letters from respectable persons 
who have been using this improved wheel, who speak in 
terms of the highest praise respecting its performances. 

The subscriber is sole proprietor of this wheel, which 
he believes to be the best in the world, in simplicity, 
power, and the economical use of water. Every drop is 
effective; and as the water is taken in at the hottom^ 
the entire amount of head is available, which is not the 
case with wheels that take the water at the top or side. 
This wheel is not obstructed by ice or back-water. It 
is easily put in, requires but little room, and is very 
durable. 

V 

One of the great improvements to this wheel, and 
for which letters patent have been obtained, is the 
movable slides, or adjusting pieces, attached to the 
buckets, as shown in the drawing, by which the amount 
of water to be used can be easily graduated to the 
amount of work to be performed, and at the same 
time the wheel kept full, which is necessary for its sue- 


AND millwright’s assistant. 


63 


eessfiil operation. For example, a wheel calculated to 
drive two run of stone, could not be used in a dry time 
for one run without this improvement. We think this 
alone gives our wheel a claim upon the notice of the 
public. 

We feel confident from experience that the annexed 
tables underrate the powers of these wheels, when rightly 
put up and geared. The proper working of a wheel de¬ 
pends so much upon this, and it is so easy for the best 
kinds to be prevented from doing all of which they are 
capable, either from want of care or skill, or fairness on 
the part of the purchaser, that we have determined to 
give no guaranty in relation to them. In case, however, 
any purchaser within one month after putting in opera¬ 
tion one of our wheels, shall find that it does not work 
up to the table, or in general perform according to our 
statement, he may take it out and deliver it to us at his 
mill, we paying the freight that may have accrued on 
the same. This shall be the whole extent of our lia¬ 
bility in any case. Your experience and observation 
will readily show you why we decline making any other 
guaranty or forfeit. 

Ira Jagger, 

Mactdnery and Hydraulic Engineer, Albany, .V. Y, 


(54 THE AMERICAN MILLER, 

WATER TABLE FOR JAGGER’S PATENT TURBINE 

WATER-WHEEL. 

The following statement will show the power of diiferent 
sizes, under difierent heads, with a given quantity of water. 


Head of Water. 

1 

Four-foot Wheel, 
using 100 inches 
water, will give 

Five-foot Wheel, 
using 200 inches 
water, will give 

Five-foot 4 inch 
Wheel, using 233 
inches water, will 

give 

Six-foot Wheel, 

using 300 inches 

water, will give 

Seven-footWheel, 

using 400 inches 

water, will give 

Foot. 

Horse Power. 

Horse Power. 

Horse Power. 

Horse Power. 

Horse Power. 

4 

3 

6 

7 

9 

12 

5 

4 

8 

10 

13 

18 

C 

5 

10 

13 

17 

24 

7 

i 

14 

17 

22 

30 

8 

9 

18 

21 

27 

36 

9 

11 

22 

25 

33 

44 

10 

13 

26 

29 

39 

52 

11 

15 

30 

34 

45 

60 

12 

17 

34 

39 

51 

68 

13 

19 

38 

44 

57 

76 

14 

21 

42 

50 

64 

86 

15 

23 

46 

56 

72 

96 

16 

26 

52 

62 

80 

106 

17 

29 

58 

68 

88 

117 

18 

32 

64 

75 

96 

128 

19 

35 

70 

83 

105 

140 

20 

38 

76 

91 

114 

152 

21 

41 

82 

99 

123 

164 

22 

44 

88 

107 

132 

176 

23 

47 

94 

115 

141 

188 

24 

50 

100 

123 

150 

200 

25 

53 

106 

131 

159 

212 

26 

56 

112 

139 

168 

224 

27 

59 

118 

147 

177 

236 

28 

62 

124 

155 

186 

248 





















AND millwright’s assistant. 


G5 


TABLE 

Shoioing the mimher of revolutions iier minute of the 
various sizes of Jaggers Improved Turbine Watcr- 
Wheef when at work, under different falls of ivateVy 
from one to twenty-eight feet. 


. 

O 

_ W 

< 

Revolutions. 

Revolutions. 

Revolutions. 

Revolutions. 

1 

Revolutions. 

1 

Foot. 

Per minute. 

Per minute. 

Per minute. 

Per minute. 

Per minute. 

4 

59 

48 

46 

40 

33 

5 

65 

53 

49 

44 

37 

6 

71 

58 

53 

48 

41 

7 

76 

63 

57 

51 

44 

8 

81 

67 

61 

54 

47 

9 

86 

71 

65 

57 

50 

10 

91 

75 

69 

60 

53 

11 

96 

79 

72 

63 

56 

12 

100 

82 

75 

66 

58 

13 

104 

85 

78 

69 

60 

14 

108 

88 

81 

72 

62 

15 

112 

91 

84 

75 

64 

16 

116 

94 

87 

78 

66 

17 

120 

97 

90 

80 

68 

18 

124 

100 

93 

82 

70 

19 

127 

103 

96 

84 

72 

20 

130 

106 

98 

86 

74 

21 

133 

109 

100 

88 

76 

22 

136 

112 

102 

90 

78 

23 

139 

114 

104 

92 

80 

24 

142 

116 

106 

94 

82 

25 

144 

118 

108 

96 

84 

26 

146 

120 

110 

98 

85 

27 

148 

122 

112 

99 ■ 

86 

28 

150 

124 

114 

100 

87 


G* 
















GG 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


TABLE 

Showhuj the velocity of water under different headsy 
from one to forty feet. 


lluiid, number 
of feet. 

Feet. 

Inches. 

Head, number 
of feet. 

Feet. 

Inches. 

1 

8 


21 

3G 

9 

2 

11 

4 

22 

37 

7 

3 

13 

11 

23 

38 

5 

4 

IG 


24 

39 

3 

5 

18 


25 

40 

1 

G 

19 

8 

26 

40 

11 

7 

21 

4 

27 

41 

1 

8 

22 

7 

28 

42 


9 

23 

11 

29 

42 

10 

10 

25 

3 

30 

43 

8 

11 

2G 

7 

31 

44 

5 

12 

27 

9 

32 

45 


13 

28 

11 

33 

45 

8 

14 

30 


34 

4G 

5 

■ 15 

31 


35 

47 


IG 

32 

1 

3G 

47 

7 

17 

33 


- 37 

48 

2 

18 

34 


38 

48 

8 

19 

34 

11 

39 

49 

2 

20 

35 

10 

40 

49 

8 


The wheels are calculated to be geared, when at work, 
one-third slower than the velocity of the w^ater, the cir¬ 
cumference of which is taken at the centre of the rim 


















PART SECOND. 


REMARKS ON THE CULTURE OF GRAINS, 

WJiicli form the Staple Brcadstuffs of the United States. 

There is no country on this globe which is so well 
adapted for the cultivation of Avheat and Indian corn 
as the fertile soil of the United States,—the quality of 
which seems to be highly impregnated with those nu¬ 
tritious substances so necessary to the production of 
these two cereal grains. Consequently, the high repu¬ 
tation which American brcadstuffs sustain in foreign 
markets enables the American miller to rival all com- 
})ctition in the manufacture of brcadstuffs, either in 
quality or quantity; as the surplus quantity of grain, 
annually grown in the United States, bids fair to sur¬ 
pass all the dependencies of European cultivation. 

Not many years ago, and as late as the year 1839, 
large quantities of grain were imported from Europe to 
the United States, and sold to good account,—being 
manufactured in the Atlantic cities. At the period re¬ 
ferred to, the Great AVesC^ was comparatively un¬ 
known, and the boundary of western civilization was 

67 


G8 THE AMERICAN MILLER, 

supposed to exist, by our Eastern brethren, in ratlier a 
limited degree, somewhere within the confines of the 
state of Illinois—it being but about four years previous 
that it was exchanged from savage wilds to the beautiful 
and cultivated home of the agriculturist, which it now 
presents. But, such is the progress of American enter¬ 
prise, with the advantages held out by the general go¬ 
vernment to the actual settler, in disposing of the public 
lands at the low price of one dollar and a quarter per 
acre, in the different states, those lands, in a few years, 
have increased from 100 to 500 per cent, from first cost, 
according to their location. This is what enables the 
American farmer not only to drive all competition from 
our shores, but to compete successfully in the markets 
of Europe with our foreign rival; and settles the fact, 
beyond a doubt, that America is destined to be the 
granary of the world. 

The advantages to the miller are also very great. 
The Western states, whose luxuriant soil produces the 
finest quality of grains in the world, also afford ample 
water-power for the manufacture of the same, which 
constitutes a mutual benefit both to the farmer and mil¬ 
ler,—as it makes a home-market for the grain of the 
latter; and there is no branch of business which the 
farmer receives so much benefit from, as he does from 
that which always pays him the full equivalent, in cash, 
for his produce, when delivered at the mill. And all 
improvements in the construction of flouring-mills tend, 
also, to the benefit of the producer of the soil, as it re¬ 
quires less wheat, by one bushel, to the barrel of flour 


AND MIlJAVRiairr’s assistant. 6i 

now, than formerly, which makes a profitable saving 
to those of our farmers who have their grain manufac¬ 
tured on their own account, as many of our Western 
farmers do. 

We here insert a statistical table, showing the amount 
of grain grown in the principal wheat-growing states of 
the Union, for the year 1848 :— 

TABLE OF GRAIN GROWN IN THE UNITED STATES. 


States. Wheat. Indian Corn. 

New York.15,600,000 17,500,000 

Pennsylvania.15,200,000 21,000,000 

Virginia.12,250,000 38,000,000 

Maryland. 5,150,000 8,800,000 

Ohio.20,000,000 70,000,000 

Michigan.10,000,000 10,000,000 

Indiana. 8,500,000 45,000,000 

Illinois. 5,400,000 40,000,000 

Wisconsin. . 1,600,000 1,500,000 

Missouri. 2,000,000 28,000,000 

Iowa. 1,300,000 3,500,000 

Texas. 1,100,000 1,800,000 

Oregon. 1,300,000 1,000,000 


The foregoing table is from the Keport of the Com¬ 
missioner of Patents for the year 1848. In connection- 
with this statistical table, of the amount of grain grown 
in the states referred to, we have also prepared a like 
table, showing the amount of capital invested in this 
one branch of business, which will serve -to give the 















70 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


reader some conception of the interest the milling busi¬ 
ness creates in the following states :— 


States. Capital. 

New York... .$8,000,000 
Pennsylvania. . 4,000,000 

Virginia. 3,000,000 

Maryland .... 1,000,000 

Ohio. 5,800,000 

Michigan. 4,000,000 

Indiana. 2,100,000 


States. Capital. 

Illinois.$1,800,000 

Wisconsin.... 1,070,000 

Missouri. 1,000,000 

Iowa. 300,000 

Texas. 175,000 

Oregon. 20,000 


ON THE QUALITr OF FRENCH BURR, AS BEST 
ADAPTED FOR GRINDING WHEAT AND CORN. 

There is no description of stone, within our know¬ 
ledge, that affords so much variety of texture, or that 
is so well adapted for grinding, as that known as the 

French Burr.’’ It varies from the closest of quality 
to the openest and poorest of the stone species. 

We shall now, in this chapter, give the necessary 
directions, which, if attended to strictly, will always 
insure the miller, who should always be the person to 
select the quality of mill-stones which will enable him 
lo make the best yields, as well as a better quality of 
flour than he can otherwise do on any other description 
or selection of this kind of stone. In the first place, I 
here remark, that every well-informed, practical miller. 













AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 


71 


of at least ten years’ experience in the business, must 
be well versed in the ditferent qualities of the French 
burr, which, from long practice, his experience tells 
him that which is likely to do the best work, when set 
in order for grinding; he must be acquainted, also, with 
what is termed the best stock for making mill-stones, 
as the stone is imported from France in blocks of vari¬ 
ous sizes, which blocks of stone differ as much in colour 
as they do in quality. The first thing to be done, on 
going to the mill-stone manufactory, is to select those 
sized stones you want. By examination, you will soon 
be able to discover whether they suit these directions or 
not; if the stone is of a close appearance, and of a 
white colour, without any yellowish spots in the seams, 
or where the blocks join each other closely fitted, and 
the said seams must be parallel with the diameter, as 
by being so they do not break oft* the edges of the 
seams, by interfering with the furrows; also, do not 
forget to take a mill-pick, and go over every block, 
which you may do in a few minutes, and if they prove 
of an equal hardness, then we should recommend that 
run as being a good run of stones for grinding wheat 
expressly. If they should prove, after trying them in 
this manner, that some parts of the different blocks of 
which the stone is composed are rather softer, and in¬ 
cline to be open about the eye, do not take them, as it 
will take up more time in dressing them, to keep them 
in a good face, than two such run as we have first de¬ 
scribed. The clear white and sometimes variegated 
block, resembling marble, is the best description of 


72 THE AMERICAN MILLER, 

French burr, for aFl uses; as that kind of stock is al¬ 
ways free and hard, and holds an edge as long as any 
other colour. For grinding corn expressly, stone of a 
different colour may be used best for this kind of grind¬ 
ing ; I say best, because it is of a keener temper, and 
not so subject to soft, open places, as the stone first 
described. This kind of stock is of a pale, bluish cast, 
and more particularly known to millers for its resistance 
of right good steel; but, after being dressed, will grind 
more hard corn than any other kind of stone in use. 
Of stone of this quality, we have dressed a large num¬ 
ber of run for dififerent mills, expressly for flouring, 
which, with judicious management, answer a very good 
purpose; but I do not recommend this kind, as it re¬ 
quires a miller of good judgment to superintend in 
dressing them; for, in the first place, if they are al¬ 
lowed to get at all smooth, they are apt to heat, as well 
as grind wheats oily. In the next place, if they are 
dressed at all i ough, they will make very specky flour, 
and grind liar/ —two evils not to be tolerated about a 
flouring-mill; further, the nature of this kind of burr 
is of a dead, heavy texture, and entirely unfit for steam- 
mills. Where the power is at all varying or unsteady, 
this kind of burr imparts to the flour a kind of grayish 
3ast. 

There is also another description of burr-stock which 
F shall here notice, and the worst of all others to the 
miller who has been so unfortunate as to purchase such 
stones with the least reasonable hope that he has got 
good ones. I his is a burr of a yellowish colour, called 


AND millwright’s assistant. 


73 


by some the Fox burr, and not at all badly named, as it 
is very deceptive in its appearance. In dressing this 
kind of stone, it resembles a knotty nature, with a gooa 
inclination to curl as you strike it with the pick. After 
you have ground with it for the space of twenty-four 
hours, take it up, and it has all the appearance of being 
varnished with the best copal varnish, which makes the 
miller sigh for the good old days of Adam and Eve,” 
when the gray Laurel Hill Rock Stone were in fashion, 
or what the Virginian miller calls Nigger Heads,” 
either of which is preferable to the last described French 
Burr. 

Having treated of the French burr, we shall now di¬ 
rect our remarks to that of our American production, 
the Raccoon Burr. 


ON THE RACCOON BURR STONE. 

This description of stone is of American production, 
and its geological nativity is confined to the State of 
Ohio, not being known elsewhere. Its locality is in 
Muskingum and adjoining counties, known by the name 
of the Flint Ridge.” This stone is a description of 
burr, and makes a very good substitute for the imported 
or French burr. During my residence in the State of 
Ohio, I was employed by the Messrs. Adams, of Mus¬ 
kingum county, who do a large business in flouring, 
being the most extensive millers in that part of the 

7 



74 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


State. One of their mills, in which the author was 
employed, was of six run of stones, all of them of Rac¬ 
coon burr, and, having dressed them, the only conclu¬ 
sions I drew, from the work the stones made, was, that 
they required to be dressed oftener than the generality 
of the French burr. The reputation of this mill then 
stood high in New York for making a good article of 
superfine flour. The difference in the price between the 
Raccoon and imported being from 35 to 45 per cent, 
cheaper. They are put together in blocks and fitted up 
as the French burr, and will answer a good purpose foi 
grist mills, or for grinding coarse grains, such as grist 
grinding generally consists of, for the use of the farmer 


TRAM STAFFS. 

The accompanying cuts represent two Tram Staffs fot 
taking mill-stones out of wind. A shows the elevating 
screw for regulating the staff by lowering or raising, to 
accommodate and adjust itself properly to the face of the 
stone. 

B is the staff itself, proper. 

C are three screws let into the staff at three sections 
of the circumference of the spindle E. 

I) is a block of wood that receives the spindle, and by 
which the spindle is made secure in the eye of the stone. 



AN"' M:i.LWRTnnT’s AS6I,«;TANr 


76 


Figure 1. 
A KZ7 



- 0 , 

S 





A 



D 

V 





Figure 2. 
















^6 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


which may be done by large wedges to hold it to its 
place. Let the spindle be made of wrought iron, and 
nicely turned to fit the staff perfectly; the staff, as repre¬ 
sented in fig. 2, is entirely different from the kind usually 
known. And I use but one arm of the staff instead of 
two, according to the old style of making, and shown in 
fig 1. The screws are not required at all, as the spindle 
properly centered with the face of the stone, is all that 
is required to answer the purpose. See directions for 
preparing new stones for grinding. 


DIRECTIONS FOR PREPARING NEW STONES FOR 

GRINDING. • 

While the mill is in progress of building, the stones 
may be prepared by the miller who is to have charge of 
the running of the mill when compiewsd, as no other 
than the head miller should direct the operation of put¬ 
ting in the dress; and any fault in their operation he 
should be held individually accountable for. 

It being necessary to take the stone out of wind before 
the dress is laid out, it may be done in the following 
manner : First, prepare yourself with a gooA tram staff 
of the following shape; have your staff dressed four 
inches wide, with a hole through it exactly in ^he •oe'i.tx ® ; 





AND millwright’s assistant. 77 

tli-n frame two posts, two by three inches wide, at equal 
distances from your centre hole, and then place a cap on 
the posts in which your elevating screw is inserted, for 
the purpose of allowing the stalf to come in contact with 
the stone. In addition to this, there is a plan dif¬ 
ferent in its construction, which is to use a bar of flat 
iron, of any suitable size, say half an inch thick, by one 
inch wide, or one and a half inch wide ; bend it in a 
circular form, and let it into the stalf with screws; 
drill a hole through the centre, exactly in range with 
the hole through the staff for the elevating screw. 
This description of staff is easier made than that first 
mentioned, and much more easily kept in repair. The 
spindle that the staff works on requires to be an inch 
and a half in diameter and nine inches in length; 
one of this size will work without springing. It will be 
necessary to have these screws, which are to be inserted 
into the staff, in three different sections of the hole which 
the spindle passes through. The object of these screws 
is simply to allow the staff to be trammed or centred to 
the face of the stone, by altering any three of those points 
which the‘Screws represent. By placing your spindle 
properly in the eye of the stone, the screws may be dis¬ 
pensed wdth, and also a great deal of trouble in using 
the screw to train the staff, as every time the staff is taken 
off the spindle, in replacing it, the points require to be 
examined and trammed over. If the spindle is properly 
placed in the eye, no objection can be found in using 
the staff without screws, as the main centre for taking 
the wind out of the stone is entirely dependent on 


^8 


THE AMERICAN MILLER; 


the spindle which the staff is suspended on; then the 
miller must centre his spindle from the circumference of 
the stone; instead of centreing it by the eye; as many dO; 
supposing that the eye is alwaj^s in the centre of the 
stone; which is not always the case. 

Being prepared now to use paint for the staff; which 
may be prepared by mixing 2 ozs. of either Spanish 
brown or Venetian red; the latter is preferable, as it 
shows on the stone better with spirits of turpentine or 
soft water. By means of the screw at the top of the 
spindle, you allow the staff to come down so as to 
slightly touch the stone, by which you work off all the high 
places, until the stone is perfectly out -of wind, and may 
be known to be so when it paints the face all over 
exactly alike. For new stone, the eye blocks should be 
worked about a sixteenth below the rest of the face. 
The next part of the work, being to lay out and draft a 
proper dress, may be done as follows: Before we dismiss 
the subject of taking millstones out of wind, we will 
just refer to another mode; namely, the using of three 
angles laid out on the surface of the stone, and each 
angle intersecting the other, which forms a centre by 
working the lowest angle shown on the stone first to a 
good face, and w'orking the others down to it. This is 
a mode we cannot recommend, as it eonsumes nearly as 
long again to prepare a stone with this plan as it does 
with the tram staff, consequently is much more expen¬ 
sive, and its principles belong to a past generation, but 
are mechanically correct, arJ answers in places where a 
tram staff cannot be got readily. 


AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 


79 


DIRECTIONS FOR LAYING OUT THE DRESS IN MILL¬ 
STONES. 

The first thing we shall notice under this head is the 
amount of draft necessary for your leading furrows. 
This must be varied according to the size and quality of 
your stone. Stones that are close require more than 
open ones, consequently the miller’s own experience 
must direct him to define the difference between close 
and open millstones, knowing that open stones have a 
greater amount of draft than close ones. But I have 
found, from my own experience, that there is also 
another essential point to be considered, that is, the 
particular dress you use, as in no quality of stone, either 
close or open, should as much draft be given to a stone 
of any size where a circle dress is used, as may be given 
where the dress is straight. My rule is, for a straight 
dress, in close stone, an inch to the foot of the diameter, 
and three-quarters of an inch with a curve. After you 
have made up your mind on the amount of draft which 
you intend to use, set a piece of board in the eye of your 
stone, which for convenience we will call a draft boards 
then if you wish to use four inches draft, set your di¬ 
viders four inches, and after you have found the exact 
centre of your stone, place the point of your dividers in 
that centre, and strike a circle on the board, called the 
draft circle. This is the first preparatory step of import¬ 
ance, tlie next being to know what way your stone is to 
run, whether with the sun or contrary: if with the sun, 


80 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


you turn your face towards it, going the contrary way 
round the stone, and by placing one end of your pattern 
to the draft circle, and the other end on the periphery 
of the stone, you obtain the desired draft for your lead¬ 
ing furrows. The proper rule for finding the distance 
for each of the leading furrows, is to divide the number 
of quarters wanted, by the circumference, and the pro¬ 
duct is the distance the leading furrows are apart. Set 
your dividers according to the product, and space off 
your quarters before striking out your leading furrows, 
which will show at once whether your calculation is 
right or not. When your furrows are all made, you may 
then complete the face of your stone for grinding grain, 
by making a perfectly true face on the stones before they 
are turned down. 

If your stones require to be driven contrary to the 
sun, you lay out the dress by going around the stone in 
the same direction with the sun. This rule is very sim¬ 
ple, and capable of saving many mistakes usually made 
by millers, in carelessly drafting the dress to run the 
wrong way. 


A SPECIAL TREATISE ON THE DIFFERENT MILL¬ 
STONE DRESSES NOW IN USE, WITH PRACTICAL 
REMARKS ON THEIR DIFFERENT ACTION. 

The millstone dress is that draft given to the furrows, 
for the purpose of discharging the meal from the stone, 
when properly ground. 



AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 


81 


The proper draft or dress, to be used for this purpose, 
IS a matter which involves a great difference of opinion, 
both with millers and millwrights. Generally, the for¬ 
mer shapes his ideas from personal observation in the 
grinding of the millstone, and the latter from theory 
only; whereas, by uniting both of these essential prin¬ 
ciples, more conclusive evidence would be obtained, as 
to the proper dress or draft necessary for the millstone. 

The first principle is the discharge; the next is the 
way to draft that discharge so that the stone, when 
grinding, shall receive its proportional quantity on its 
entire surface, from the eye to the skirt. The difficulty 
to contend with, in this particular, is the variation of 
circular motion that the grain encounters, in passing 
from the eye to the place of discharge; for, in every 
superficial inch of surface from the eye to the periphery, 
the circular motion increases as the circumference grows 
larger, until the meal is discharged from the stone. So, 
from my own personal experience, I have found this 
the most difficult part of our trade to improve, from the 
fact that the proper draft of the dress, in a millstone, 
is of more importance to the miller than it is generally 
supposed to be, for the following reasons: in the first 
place, mills built on light streams suffer more for want 
of a perfect knowledge of this important part of the 
miller’s art, than those situated on large streams. All 
kinds of millstone dresses that curve, require more 
power to drive them than furrows that have no curve; 
and the more curve or circle, the greater amount of 
power you want to drive the stone. As millers who 


82 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


use circle dresses in preference to all others, will require 
abundant proof on this subject, we hope to give it to 
them; and if we succeed in enlightening them on the 
main error of all circular dresses, all we ask of them 
is to adopt what science and practical experience prove 
to be the better mode. 

To illustrate this subject more fully, we take a mill¬ 
stone of four and a half feet in diameter, with a mo¬ 
tion of 175 to 180 revolutions per minute, and prepare 
it for flouring with a circular dress, with furrows on a 
circle of once and a half the diameter of the stone. I 
pitch on this particular dress to illustrate my views, as 
eight-tenths of all the circular dresses I have examined 
are drafted on this curve. Suppose, then, that this stone 
has a draft at the eye of the lowest number of inches 
generally given, being three and a half inches at the 
centre, I ask, what will the angle be, that the furrows 
will pass each other, from the eye to the periphery ? 
We suppose, that in such a draft above described, the 
angle of the furrows are equal; this should not be the 
case, when we consider that the central force increases 
as the distance from the centre increases, caused by the 
circumference of every superficial inch of the stone in¬ 
creasing. We ask, then, how are you to bring the same 
amount of meal on this increasing velocity of the skirts 
of the stone, that you have at the centre, when your 
draft, in both parts of your stone, are alike demonstrated 
by purely scientific principles, being governed by the 
laws of circular motion, on the same principle as above 
icscribed? We afl&rm, that at least one-twentieth of 


AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 


83 


the pressure used on a stone of four and a half feet 
diameter, making 175 revolutions per minute, grind¬ 
ing 15 bushels per hour, might be dispensed with, or 
avoided, if the draft or dress was applied in such a 
manner as to decrease as the central force increased, 
which would allow the angle of draft with which their 
furrows cross each other, in inverse proportion to their 
diameters. If the twentieth of the pressure need not 
be used; that is just one-twentieth of the power saved, 
with at least an equal advantage gained of five per cent, 
in the quality of the flour; as the less pressure used in 
manufacturing, the better the flour after it is manufac¬ 
tured. This most all will admit. 

With this dress, more time is consumed in keeping 
your stone in proper order, than should be, as all ex¬ 
perienced millers will readily admit. The skirts of the 
stone with circular dresses are always lower than either 
the breast or eye; and the smaller the circle used, the 
greater this difficulty will exist, it being impossible to 
give the skirt as much of the meal, with this dress, as 
its relative proportions require. Where a stone four and 
a half feet in diameter is grinding, say 15 bushels per 
hour of wheat, and running night and day, in twenty- 
four hours from the time it was started, the heat caused 
by the great pressure used becomes intense, as it forms 
a scalding temperature, which greatly affects the quality 
of the flour. To test this principle more fully, I have 
compared the degrees of the temperature of the meal 
with this dress, and what is called the old-fashioned 


84 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


straight quarter, as the meal issued from the stone, and 
found the following result:— 

The circle dress ground the warmest by ten to twenty 
degrees of Fahrenheit; both the same kind and sized 
stone grinding about the same quantity. On two sepa¬ 
rate examinations of the heat of the meal, the stone 
with the circle dress had 18 leading furrow^s, and the 
straight quarter 16 ditto. 

Now, by this experiment alone, I do not say that this 
quarter, or straight dress, is the one I should recom¬ 
mend all millers to use. No, by no means; as the dis¬ 
proportion in the draft of its short furrows condemns it 
also. But the experiment went to prove its superiority 
over the circle, which was readily discovered in the 
lively, rich colour of the flour, and the clean appearance 
of the offal. 

The different dresses, as represented on plate 2, are 
all got up from those two,—the circle and straight quar¬ 
ter dress; and I must say, that their inventors were 
actuated more by a love of variety and novelty, than 
from the dictates of practical experience. For that 
reason, we shall not take time to notice them at further 
length than described in plate 3, — considering it 
no advantage to the miller, although there may be some 
who will value it more than any other dress represented, 
because they have spent more time in getting them up, 
than they have taken to examine the error they have 
made by introducing a combination of artificial drafts 
for millstones, contrary to those laws of circular motion 


► ir. 



MILL-STONES-QUARTER DRESS*—Plate 3, p. 84. 
























i 



AND millwright’s assistant. 


85 


and central forces which govern all kinds of millstone 
dresses, of wdiatever kind used. 

We shall now present that dress for millstones that 
science and experience show to be best for all sizes of 
stone and varieties of central motion occasioned by the 
revolutions made per minute of the stone. These dresses 
are seen in plate 3. Figs. 1 and 2 represent a perfectly 
straight furrow, one inch and one-eighth in width, for a 
stone four and a half feet in diameter. The number of 
leading furrows should be from 16 to 20, or 21, if the 
stone is more than ordinarily close; I prefer 21. Then 
divide those quarters equally with another furrow each, 
which will give 42 whole furrows, allowing the short 
furrows to enter the leading ones in close stones. This 
dress may be called, properly, the new quarter dress 
its superiority over the old 16 quarter dress is apparent 
to all, when we examine the drafts in plate 3, figs. 1- 
and 2. 

Millers who may think that there is too much face on 
the skirt, may safely increase the size of their furrows 
one-eighth of an inch on the skirt, and in very open 
stones may decrease it accordingly, as well as the num¬ 
ber of furrows. I have the opinion of several of the 
best millers in the United States, all agreeing on this 
dress as being the best in use. By the use of it, we 
entirely dispense with that short furrow necessarily 
used in the old 16 quarter dress, by giving the short 
furrow in the new quarter dress about the same draft as 
the second furrow in the old, which serves to make the 

flour better, as less pressure is used with the new quar- 

8 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


SG 

fer dress than with the old. The short furrows in the 
16 quarter dress, the angle at which they cross each 
other being too obtuse to admit of their cutting, as may 
be seen by fig. 2; the angle being 84 degrees of draft, 
they push the meal out, and cannot act otherwise. 

With the new quarter dress, as described, I should 
not recommend more draft at the eye of the stone than 
three and a half inches, where its motion is from 160 to 
180 revolutions per minute, for a stone of four and a 
half feet in diameter, with the same proportion, accord¬ 
ing to the size of the stone. Fig. 1, four and a half 
feet stone, 21 quarters. Fig. 2 represents a stone equal 
to four and a half feet, 16 quarters. PI. 4, fig. 1, stone same 
size, dress on the circle of the stone, with 40 furrows. 


DIRECTIONS FOR MAKING FURROWS ON THE MOST 

APPROVED PLAN. 

The manner in which furrows are shaped is very im¬ 
portant, as, in discharging the meal, they will, if not 
properly made, make too many middlings, and allow 
the bran to pass out thicker than it ought to be. 

The proper form, I have found, for them, is a perfectly 
true taper. From the first edge, commonly called the 
track edge, up to the second, called the feather edge, 
and of a depth of three-eighths of an inch at the back or 
first edge, up to a sixteenth part of an inch at the feather 
edge of a new stone, and not deeper than the depth of a 



1 . 


Fu. 2. 






Fig. 2 represents what is called the gouge furrow; 
Fig. 3, the straight furrow, being of a true taper, and 
slightly rounding at the back edge. Fig. 3 is the pro¬ 
per shape, and for ploughing will make the best yield 
See page 85 for explanation. 


Plate 4.—p. 86. 



















AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 


87 


good heavy crack, when your stones are in perfectly good 
face for flouring. 

Now, much pains in the mechanical construction of 
them may he saved to the young miller by the use of a 
gauge and staff. To dress his furrows by the gauge is 
simply the size and shape of the kind of furrows you 
want to make, cut on wood, which will assist you. To 
make all your furrows precisely the same depth, the 
staff is a small, flat rule, four or five inches long, by 
which you can apply paint to your furrows to work 
them even, by which much time is spared, for the paint 
shows you all the high places, so that not one stroke of 
the pick need be lost. 

For flouring, your furrows require to be as smooth as 
the face, as rough furrows make the flour specky. I 
have heard millers object frequently to their bolts not 
being right, when the whole cause lay in the rough 
manner in which their stones were dressed. 


DIRECTIONS FOR STAFFING AND CRACKING THE 
FACE OF THE MILLSTONE. 

Every three months is as often as necessary to dress 
the furrows, but in a mill that does a good business, 
the face of the stone requires cracking as often as every 
four days, the stone running night and day. 

Cracking the face, as it is termed, is an artificial 
mode of cutting the face of a millstone in parallel lines 
with the furrows by which the bran is cleaned; conse- 



88 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


/ 


qucntly, when well clone, a stone will grind a third 
faster than without the cracked face, and the flour is 
far superior. With stones cracked with about from 26 
to 30 in every superficial inch of the face, reason tells 
us that they need not be pressed so close together. It 
requires a good deal of practice to be perfect in this 
part of the miller’s art, but by the use of practice we 
become perfect in this, as well as any other branch of 
the business. 

After the stones are taken up for the purpose of 
sharpening them, the first thing the miller should do is 
to take a soft sandstone, which should be kept for the 
purpose, and rub the face of the millstones all over with 
it. The object of this is to scour the face, which leaves 
it in better order to receive the work you are going to 
put into it. Sweep them oflf clean, and then apply your 
staff. If your stone should be higher about the eye and 
breast, skin off those places until the staff fits tight all 
over the face of the stone, and crack the balance; then 
your stone is ready for grinding. If you should find 
your stones in good face when you take them up, with 
the paint equally distributed all over the face of the 
stone alike, being the highest about the eye, then the 
stones are considered to be in good face; then crack them 
all over nicely, without breaking the face, which must be 
done with a sharp pick; then ^pply a little tallow 
around your spindb-neck, and if the spindle is loose, 
trghten it, a-'d tram your spindle; then you may put 
your stoms as they are in ge?d or^o« for 

grind’ng. 


AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 


89 


ON THE BEST SIZE OF MILLSTONES FOR DIFFERENT 

WATER POWERS. 

The proper size of millstones is a subject of as much 
consideration and interest to the miller as any other im¬ 
provement in his business; and the improvements which 
late years have discovered in this particular are worthy 
of notice in this work. When we look back to the days 
of our youth, and see what other days have brought 
forth in this particular, we are astonished that the many 
simple improvements of the present day were so long 
unknown. 

Not many years since, the size of millstones, as 
thought best by the first millwrights and millers in our 
country, was from five to seven feet; and numbers of 
those same stones are still in use, and not grinding as 
much per hour as stones of less than one-half their 
diameters, in mills constructed on the scientific prin¬ 
ciples of the age. 

Stones four and a half feet in diameter are large 
enough for any description of water-power, and larger 
than I should recommend for any water-power over ten 
feet head and fall, as four feet four inches is large enough 
to make, without crowding, 50 barrels of flour per run 
a day, which is a good amount of business for mills of 
four run of stone. 

The great improvement in the difference, of the size 
of millstones—first, consists of reducing the amount of 


THE AME^^CJ^N MTLLEU, 


JO 

power used to drive such large sizes of stouc, bv cutting 
off that great amount of leverage we had to contend 
against in stones of from five to seven feet in diameter. 
Also, by applying the power so much nearer the centre, 
by increasing the weight of the running stone, by which 
means from twice to five times the amount of grain is 
ground with a less quantity of water. This improve¬ 
ment, of increasing the weight of the running mill¬ 
stone, is more in accordance with true mechanical prin¬ 
ciples of science, and of more value to the miller, as it 
saves a large amount of capital in the purchase of mill¬ 
stones and the necessary machinery to put them in mo¬ 
tion on the old plans of mill-building. 

The advantages of increasing the weight of the run¬ 
ner, have been fully tested at Chinton, in the State of 
Michigan, where there is a mill in successful operation; 
the stones being but four and a half feet in diameter, 
and the amount which they grind per run being also 
stated. 


PRACTICAL REMARKS ON GRINDING WHEAT AND 

CORN. 

To bo a good judge of grinding wheat for flouring, 
the miller must be endowed with one of the five bless¬ 
ings or senses which nature has endowed mankind with 
generally,—that is, an acute sense of feeling; for, with¬ 
out this sense, the miller is destitute of a guide to grind 
wheat for merchant work, in such manner as to realize 



AND millwright’s assistant. 


91 


tlic greatest possible amount of flour from the u lmat, as 
it requires but an alteration of two degrees to make 
a difference of from one to three pounds of flour in 
the bushel. So it is in the diflerent qualities of wheat 
wdiich the miller may have to grind, as some qualities 
of wheat will grind from one to flve degrees closer than 
others, owing, first, to the order that each sample may 
be in when ground, and secondly, to the particular spe¬ 
cies of wheat. All those causes must be examined by 
the miller; he will then be prepared to form a correct 
judgment, how close the stone requires to be set on 
each kind of wheat; as the yield required from every 
CO lbs. of good clean wheat should be such as to pro¬ 
duce a barrel of superfine flour (capable of passing in¬ 
spection laws) from every 240 lbs. of merchantablo 
W'heat, being 49 lbs. of superfine flour for every 60 lbs. 
of wheat. This is a closer yield than the average of the 
different qualities of wheat will run; and to manufac¬ 
ture on this yield, the stones require to be kept in per¬ 
fect order. As the millstones are the entire kc^ which 
regulates the profits of the miller, we think much atten¬ 
tion cannot be expended more profitably, than that be¬ 
stowed in keeping them in proper order. 

Much as I have said on the subject of millstones, I 
will also, before leaving the subject, lay down a few 
rules for the benefit of the young miller, as I have once, 
been of that class myself, which will enable him to ac¬ 
quire a more perfect knowledge of keeping the millstone 
in proper order. The worst and most easily detected 
state a millstone can be in, is when small round and 


92 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


bard pieces are discliarged, with parts of the meal ground 
close enough j this is evidence enough that your stones 
are out of face, and working entirely on some high places, 
which prevent the stones running close enough together 
to grind the meal all alike } they should be instantly 
taken up, and by laying on the staff dry and moving it 
gently over the face, you will soon find those high places, 
which should be skinned off until the staff shows the 
face to be even, by fitting the stone tightly all over its 
surface; which, after a good rubbing with the burr- 
block, your stone will be ready for grinding. 

If, on taking up the stone for examination, you shouM 
find no high places, but the stone staflSng an equal face 
all over, then the fault lies in the furrows being too 
deep, which you can remedy by filling up to a proper 
depth with cement made for that purpose. By reference 
to the index of this work, you will be informed how to 
prepare it. 

To grind corn, you want a very heavy crack in the 
face of the millstone, which shows the necessity of hav¬ 
ing stone expressly made to order for this particular 
business. Also, furrows answer better by being a little 
rounding, and double the depth of the feather-edge that 
you require for wheat. 


AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 


93 


REMARKS ON INDIAN CORN AS AN ARTICLE OF 
FOREIGN CONSUMPTION. 

Corn is now becoming an article of food for tliou- 
sands of tbe poor class of people of European countries, 
taking as it does the place of their principal* food, the 
potatoes, which of late years have suffered from decay 
so much so as to reduce thousands of them to famine, 
disease, and death. These, for want of other food, 
were obliged to use the diseased potato until relieved 
somewhat from suffering starvation by the timely and 
charitable aid rendered by the people of, the United 
States of America. 

We say that the corn of America will undoubtedly 
take the place of the potatoes of Ireland, as food 
for the poorer classes,—it being, according to learned 
judges, a more wholesome and a stronger diet than pota¬ 
toes. This will benefit the American farmers of the 
Western States, who raise such large quantities of corn, 
and also the American miller—as it will pay always a 
better profit than the manufacture of wheat into super¬ 
fine flour. The author of this book has recently in¬ 
vented a simple mode of drying Indian corn so that it will 
keep two years in meal, barrelled. For a full descrip* 
tion, reference may be had to the article, under its pro 
per head. 


94 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE MERCHANT BOLTS 
FOR SUFERFINE FLOUR ON THE OLD PLAN. 

The arrangement that is necessary in the constructing 
of bolts for the merchant flouring mill being such as the 
generality of millwrights do not investigate closely, is 
apparent to those who examine this subject. When we 
consider the fact that wheat is composed of a very thin 
skin, filled with flour, which, if manufactured properly, 
ought to produce the following qualities: superfine flour, 
seconds, ship stuff, and bran, in the first place. Once 
is enough to grind the meal all must admit, but in the 
common way of arranging and constructing the merchant 
bolts, a second grinding becomes necessary. Of that 
quality called middlings, which, when ground a second 
time, the flour is called fine, and is unfit for bread, as it 
is too dry to be palatable, which, if manufactured as it 
should be, the middlings will be too poor to be fit for 
any other use than feed. We will now describe a full 
chest of merchant bolts on the general arrangement, or 
old plan. 

What is called a full chest, consists of two superfine 
reels, which are both fed from the cooler; then, what 
meal is left passes into two other reels, immediately 
under, called the return reels. But I will here notice, 
tliat only part of those reels are returned back to the 
cooler, the rest of the reels being all there, arc to com¬ 
plete the entire separation and cleansing of the different 


AND millwright’s assistant. 


95 


qualities. The numbers of the cloth used in this chest 
are as follows:—The superfine reels are about 32 inches 
in diameter, covered with No. 9 cloth; the lower or re¬ 
turn reels, the numbers vary from No. 8 (being the 
finest) down to No. 7, and sometimes less, for the mid¬ 
dlings; which are ground over again, which will come 
from No. 6 or 7, will be too rich unless they are ground 
and bolted over, and even then they will make nothing 
better than fine flour; the length of the reels is about 
18 feet, with a pitch of about a quarter of an inch to the 
foot. Such is a description of the merchant bolts on 
what is called the old plan. IVe shall now give our 
opinion on this mode of constructing bolts. We must 
condemn the plan, as the middlings are too rich, and it 
also requires more wheat for a barrel of superfine flour 
than is necessary. 

In condemning this arrangement of the merchant 
bolts, we have constructed a chest with the addition of 
but one reel more, which cleans the offal much better than 
the chest above described, and saves a second grinding. 


A DESCRiniON OF A NEW ARRANGEMENT OF THE 
MERCHANT BOLTS ON THE MOST APPROVEE 
PLAN. 


The principal improvement of this arrangement of 
the merchant bolts to the miller is its doing away Tvith 
the necessity of grinding over a second time. 



06 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


Our chest consists of four reels, with a separate dustei 
for the offals. The mechanical proportions of it are as 
follows: Length of reels, 20 feet; diameter of four reels, 
3 feet each; diameter of duster, 40 inches. 

The No. of the cloth to be used as follows: On the 
entire chest No. 10 throughout; and if the meal is pro¬ 
perly ground, it will not be necessary to regrind over 
any middlings. This arrangement is entirely new; 
having tried the plan in my own mill at Milford the 
past season, I found it far superior to the arrangement in 
the old edition of my work on Milling. Four feet of the 
duster should be covered with No. 5 for the middlings, 
and 4 feet with wire cloth, from 18 to 24 wires to the inch, 
which will separate the ship-stuff from the bran. The 
length of the duster being 20 feet on the inside, each 
reel must have a conveyer, with the flights all drafted 
for the same way. The two return reels should return 
the whole length, with a slide left in the bottom of the 
superfine conveyer to draw as far as five feet, for the 
purpose of returning, according as circumstances may 
require. There should be a spout at every six feet of 
the duster, to receive each quality separated by this 
arrangement. The fine cloth on the return reels will 
dust the middlings of the other bolt perfectly clean, 
which will make them too poor for any other use than 
good feed. By the time they arrive in the duster, their 
name is changed from that of middlings to seconds. 
Merchant bolts of this description are capable of dress¬ 
ing from 150 to 200 barrels of flour per day with the 
greatest ease, which will be large enough for mills of 


AND millwright’s assistant^ 37 

four run of stones. The piteh given to the reels should 
be but one-eighth of an inch to the foot. 

DIRECTIONS FOR MAKING CLOTHS FOR BOLTS OF 
ALL DESCRIPTIONS. 

Millers should be particular in the selection of bolt¬ 
ing cloths, both as regards quality and numbers. The 
Dutch cloths are the best; but if the miller is not per¬ 
fectly acquainted with the article, he consequently must 
depend more upon the person from whom he purchases, 
than his own judgment. 

Bolting cloths are of two widths, 38 and 40 inches. 
The widest is the most profitable, and in making bolt¬ 
ing cloths I prefer having them made with as little 
cutting of the cloth as possible, firmly stitched j and the 
ribs of the bolt require to be lined with heavy ticking; 
and also strips should be sewed to the cloth to prevent 
its wearing on the edges of the ribs, about half an inch 
wide on each side of the rib. The oldest importing 
house in this article is conducted by Bitter & Brother, 
No. 55 North Front Street, between Arch and Market, 
east side, Philadelphia, who keep a good se’ection of 
bolting cloths of all numbers, and widths, at whole¬ 
sale and retail, warranted the best quality. 

SIZE OF MILL-PICKS FOR DRESSING STONE. 

Mdch has been attempted to improve this important 
tool, but all I have seen are worthless, in comparison with 
that made from the cast-steel bar, as generally used. The 
size of the steel bar ought to be one and one-eighth of an 
inch square; cut it six inches long, and draw it with 

9 




98 


THE A3IERICAN MILLER, 


a true taper from the centre each way. The best cast 
steel should be used for mill-picks; and when join 
picks are done, they should be an inch and a quarter to 
three-eighths wide. At each end the steel should be 
hardened till they show a straw-colour for two inches. 
The blacksmith who sharpens them requires to pay a 
good deal of attention, to prevent the steel from getting 
too hot, as it is easily detected when done; and also 
to hammer them on an anvil that is smooth, to prevent 
the edges from cracking. I have taken a good deal of 
pains to get a recipe for making a composition for tem¬ 
pering cast steel, which may be found useful. 


COMPOSITION FOR TEMPERING CAST STEEL 
MILL-PICKS. 

It is generally very difficult for the miller to get the 
blacksmith to give the steel its proper temper, from a 
want of a sufficient knowledge on the part of blacksmiths 
generally what that temper should be. We here insert 
a composition for the purpose, which assists the process 
of tempering cast steel, by assisting the steel to retain 
its natural qualities and fineness of temper in opposition 
to the great degree of heat used for drawing and tem¬ 
pering, as the oftener steel is heated, the more brittle 
become its fibres, which renders it worthless to the me¬ 
chanic, and more particularly to the miller. 

To 3 gallons of water, add 3 oz. spirits of nitre, 3 oz. 



AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 

of spirits of hartshorn, 3 oz. of white vitriol, 3 oz. of sal 
ammoniac, 3 oz. alum, 6 oz. salt, with a double-handful 
of hoof-parings; the steel to be heated a dark cherry- 
red. Every miller should keep a large jug of this pre¬ 
paration in the mill, for tempering his picks in; also, it 
must be kept corked tight to prevent evaporation. 


ON THE USE OF THE PROOF STAFF. 

The proof staff is made of cast iron, with a perfectly 
true face, and set in a case with a cover to it. It is for 
the purpose of keeping the wood staff, that is used to 
work the stone by, in order; as, by applying one on the 
other, you will soon detect any error in your stone staff, 
A little sweet oil should be applied on the proof when 
about to try the order which your stone staff is in. Riib 
the face of the iron staff gently with a woollen cloth, 
with a small quantity of oil; then apply the wooden 
one: the oil of the iron staff will adhere to the wood, 
60 as to guide to the highest spots. You can face your 
staff much better with this instrument than it is possi¬ 
ble for a plane to do it, as, in finishing, you use a 
scraper of steel or glass. A proof staff is an article that 
should lie in every flouring mill; it is as necessary as a 
half-bushel measure or toll-dish. In my examinations 
of some of our best flouring mills, I have found this in¬ 
strument wanting, and was much surprised when many 
good practi(jal millers have told me they never used one. 



100 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


The proof staff requires but to be seen and used once, 
to be the miller’s favourite. They are made all sizes, to 
suit all descriptions of millstones, the general price 
being $25. 

In those mills that have the prooff staff in use, the 
offals are from two pounds to five pounds lighter per 
bushel than mills that have not. 


ON THE AMOUNT OF HELP NECESSARY TO BE EM¬ 
PLOYED IN A MILL OF FOUR RUN OF STONES, 

WITH THE DUTY OF ExVCH RESPECTIVELY. 

It requiring mechanical skill and art to conduct a 
flouring mill as it should be, we here give the proper 
management for conducting the same with propriety. 
It should have a head miller, who should act as super¬ 
intendent of the establishment and all pertaining there¬ 
to ; also, a second and third miller, whose duty it is to 
perform all the duties assigned them by the head miller, 
or superintendent. The second miller should be capable 
of taking charge of the affairs of the mill in the absence 
of the head miller. When the mill runs steady, a run 
of stone should be dressed every day. The second mil¬ 
ler, and third, if capable, should perform that duty, 
which should be done by three or four o’clock each day. 
In the morning, as soon as the head miller returns to 
the mill, which should be after breakfast, he should 
first examine how each stone is grinding, and then the 



AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 101 

offal, by which means he is able to ascertain how the 
grinding was performed since he left the mill in the 
evening, when his w^atch was off at eleven o’clock. If 
he detects any alteration, he should inquire into its 
cause, and give the necessary instruction how it might 
have been avoided. By so doing, he performs his duty 
as an instructor, and saves any further occasion for ne¬ 
glect; or otherwise, then he should continue in charge 
of the grinding and other business, such as may come 
to his knowledge during the day, allowing the other 
miller to perform the stone-dressing, sweeping, &c. 
When the stones are dressed and put down, one of the 
hands there employed should take the oil-can and sup¬ 
ply every journal in the mill with a fresh supply, which 
will last all night; then, early in the morning, it should 
be renewed before taking up the stone, which will last 
all day. Under management of this description, all 
things will move with a degree of order, so necessary to 
the conducting of the business as it should be. Mills 
that do a large retail business, should have a person for 
that purpose, who is also competent to take in wheat. 
The flour should be packed by a careful person, ex¬ 
pressly for that employment alone. The night should 
be divided into three equal parts, of four hours each— 
the head miller’s w^atcli first, &c. 

9* 


102 


TTIE A^JERICAN MILLER, 


/ 

HYDRAULICS AS PERTAINING TO THE PRACTICAL 

MILLWRIGHT. 

A knowledge of the natural laws which operate on 
fluids, particularly water, is a matter of importance to 
the millwright, which he should be well versed in. 
Learned theory is not of much use in this particular, 
as observation and practical experience go further to the 
attainment of making the practical millwright more per¬ 
fect than years of learned superficial theories can or do 
ever effect. For the truth of this assertion, let us ex¬ 
amine some of the improvements made in the application 
of water for driving mills within the last thirty years. 
Thirty years ago the undershot wheel was the principal 
wheel used for low heads, by which only, according to 
learned authors, one-half of the effective power was at¬ 
tained, it being by impulse or percussion. This we will 
admit; but where the undershot wheel was used for 
driving millstones, in the days of such wheels, we will 
not admit that even one-half of the effective power of 
the water was obtained, as demonstrated by recent im¬ 
provements. AVe are told also, that the specific gravity 
of water as applied to the overshot wheel for driving 
millstones, is the best possible mode of application, as 
double the power or effect is obtained on the overshot 
by specific gravity, that is attainable by the application 
on the undershot by impulse or percussion only. This 
we shall admit, as our own experience, as well as that 


AND millwright’s assistant. 103 

% 

of others better versed in science and practice, have fullj 
demonstrated. 

But the inventions and improvements of the last few 
years have brought new light in the application of watei 
for driving mills, which was not known or thought of 
thirty years ago. And may I ask to w'hom are we in¬ 
debted for this valuable light ? To the man of scientific 
knowledge, or the practical mechanic ? We say to the 
latter, as those names enrolled on the list of inventions 
in the United States Patent Ofl&ce will attest. Learned 
theoretical investigations have never accomplished much 
for our advantage in the improvements of the mechanic 
arts of our country; for practical science is that science 
which is based on truth only for light alone. We have 
been taught that in uniting what has been applied as 
separate powers in years gone by, specific gravity, per¬ 
cussion by impulse, and reaction, which is nearly equal 
with either of the other powers, as to affect it, being the 
after effect of all the others, that w’ater, as a fluid, can 
create, and so beautifully demonstrated for the purpose 
of propelling mills by the inventors whose names are 
attached to the list of those who have accomplished 
great benefits to all those who are daily using their in¬ 
ventions, by propelling their mills in various parts of 
our extensive country. We shall here notice the names 
of the two inventions in water-wheels which may be 
considered as first-class wheels : 

First, is the Lansing Spiral Percussion and Central 
Discharge Wheel, constructed with two sets of buckets, 
and called in this work the Combination Wheel 


104 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


Second, is S. B. Ilowd’s Direct Action. Tli Is wheel 
operates well on low heads, and in that situation is a 
first-class wheel. 

Now, as regards the subject of the combination of 
gravity, percussion, and reaction, applied as they are to 
form one great power by having a water-wheel properly 
constructed to receive this combination and in applying 
it to the propelling of mills, I do aver it to be as pow¬ 
erful as the overshot in the most advantageous position 
for business, and more so in a great many locations 
where flouring mills are the purpose used for. This 
opinion may appear paradoxical to the mere theorist— 
those only theoretically acquainted with the power or 
action of water as a fluid; but to the millwright, whose 
experience leads him to look and examine into that way 
of application which produces the best results, he will 
find that our calculations are right when we assert that 
the combinations of power obtained by water being ap¬ 
plied on the principle of uniting those essentials which 
form this combination of gravity, percussion, or impulse, 
with the powerful auxiliary of reaction which could not 
be attached to either the overshot or undershot wheels, 
the auxiliary power of the reaction of water is asserted 
by Oliver Evans to be equal to the action.—(Mill¬ 
wright’s Guide, Art. 45, Law 11.)—This we believe to 
be true. 

That action and reaction are two diflFerent qualities of 
power in the application of water all must admit, for 
the active verb which expresses action is only applied to 
that mode of action known to the operator as specific 


AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 


105 


gravity, and action by impulse or percussion, which was 
the only power applied to driving mills by Oliver Evans 
and Elicott. These were practical millwrights, and au¬ 
thors of a good practical work for the age in which it was 
written, being some forty years or more ago since the first 
edition made its appearance, for instructing those of our 
trade. Many of us should be grateful for the benefits 
received by the compiling of the only work we have had 
as a miller and a millwright’s guide, and we fully concur 
in the remarks of Thomas P. Jones, editor of the last edi¬ 
tion of the Millwright’s Guide, in hoping that in the his¬ 
tory of American inventors, posterity may accord Evans 
that place which he justly merited. But the change 
which time has effected in the improvements of mills 
and all other machinery, renders Mr. Evans’s work 
comparatively useless, as far as the mechanical construc¬ 
tion of the present age relates to mill-building. But 
we propose to illustrate our remarks on the application 
of water when used by those combined powers. 


POWERS OF GRAVITY, PERCUSSION, OR IMPULSE, 
WITH THE REACTION ATTACHMENT. 

That a water-wheel, made and constructed to receive 
the water with this combination for driving millstones 
or saw-mills, is more effective than the overshot, wo 
shall here show to the satisfaction of the most fastidi- 



106 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


ous or skeptical theorist, according to Oliver Evans’ 
theory. He asserts, Art. 42, Young Millwright and 
Miller’s Guide: 

That one-third of the power of water, acting on a 
wheel, either under or overshot, is, he says, necessarily 
lost to obtain a velocity or ov’^ercome the inertia of mat¬ 
ter; and that this will hold true with all machinery that 
requires velocity as well as power. Every millwright’s 
own experience ought to teach him that, if it was pos¬ 
sible to gear the overshot water-wheel into the stone 
pinion, then this one-third of lost power, that Oliver 
Evans speaks of, would be advantageously saved. This 
could not be done;*for, without double gearing, the ne¬ 
cessary motion could not be obtained on the millstone. 
Then, let me ask, how is it with our combination wheels ? 
Reason and practical experience show us quite the re¬ 
verse; for, to drive a run of stones of feet diameter, 
our water-wheel does not require to be over four feet in 
diameter, under a head of water of 12 feet head and fall, 
giving the stone a motion of 168 revolutions per minute, 
or as many more as is required, by altering the size of 
the wheel. This I call working on the right end of the 
lever, where the stone pinion is a few cogs larger than 
the spur-wheel. Oliver Evans’ Y’^oung Millwright and 
Miller’s Guide, page 81, second note on the page, gives 
more evidence on this particular. He says: A fluid 
reacts back against the penstock with the same force 
that it issues against the obstacle it strikes, founded on 
the laws of striking fluids. This fully corroborates our 
previous statement, when we said the effective power of 


AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 


107 


water by reaction was equal to its effective power by 
gravity and percussion. This very day that I am writing 
this article, my own experience fully convinced me of this 
fact. I went to my usual avocation in attending the 
business of my mill. I have one of Howd’s Patent 
Direct Action Water-Wheels; my head and fall is usu¬ 
ally about five feet. This day, November 26, 1848, I 
had high water setting back on my wheel 36 inches, 
(3 feet.) I drew what we millers call a full gate, with¬ 
out any perceptible motion of the mill. The thought 
struck me, that by taking hold of the spur-wheel, I 
could assist the wheel to start, as the impulse from the 
head was not sufiicient to create the slightest motion, 
the buckets of the wheel being immersed in back water. 
I succeeded in turning the wheel a few feet, which, by 
so doing, allowed the wheel to clear itself sufiiciently, 
and from the combination of percussion or impulse from 
the head and reaction from the bottom, which was in¬ 
stantaneous from the time the wheel first moved, I 
ground as much with but three feet of water from the 
surface of the back water, this day, as I have generally 
done without any back water, or any perceivable incon¬ 
venience from it, the only difference being the use of 
more water to do the same amount of work. The ad¬ 
vantages of these combination wheels to the miller, as 
regards the durability and large amount of capital saved 
by the difference in the cost of building mills where they 
are used and building with overshot wheels, are very 
great. We here give some idea of the difference, as 
follows :—For a mill of four run of stones, requiring five 


108 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


3 ombination wheels, one for each run of stones, and one 
machinery in operation. The five, $800 it would require 
to overshot wheels at the lowest estimate of the naked 
wheels, $800 each, with two large cones, 2 pits, 2 crowns, 
4 pinions, at $800, not including millwright’s wages for 
putting the same in operation, which supposing the dif¬ 
ference to be about one-half, as we allow eight hundred 
dollars to furnish the wheels and materials for starting, 
to the stone, with the combination wheels. Eight hun¬ 
dred dollars each for the construction of the overshot is 
low. I have myself been engaged in the construction 
of mills, where the water-wheels, two in number, over¬ 
shot, averaged one thousand dollars each. Now, to 
construct the mills as far as the stones—I speak only 
of the machinery this far—supposing a saving of one- 
half to the stop of the husk. The next point of inter¬ 
est, we consider, is the ditference in durability. The 
combination wheels, being made of iron, will last as long 
as any other part of the mill; the overshot wheels, with 
a great deal of care, may last from nine to twelve years 
without renewing; and in the cold climates, such as 
New York and the Canadas, they require a great deal 
of protection from the frost, which, if allowed to collect 
in ice, soon weakens the joints of the wheels, and ren¬ 
ders them useless. The manner in which the combina¬ 
tion wheel is placed protects it, in any climate, from 
frost. Then, for convenience, it is preferable, as, when 
the miller wants to take up his stone, all he has to do 
is to shut the gate and take up the stone, without the 
burthensome task of raising and shifting pinions, as is 


AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 109 

the case in breast undershot or overshot wheels. The 
term combination, in this article, is our own language, 
and we apply it to water acting in the following manner: 
By percussion or impulse, united with reaction power, 
and Lansing’s invention. 


REMARKS TO THE MILLWRIGHT ON THE NECESSITY 

OF ECONOMY IN PLANNING AND ARRANGING THE 

MACHINERY OF FLOURING AND GRIST MILLS. 

I HOPE millwrights who may chance to look over the 
pages of this work, will fully appreciate our remarks on 
this subject; sufficiently, at least, to justify us in saying 
that we have had experience enough to fill a volume 
alone on this subject, having devoted the best part of 
our lifetime to the milling and millwright business, and 
that in mills constructed by different mechanics, where we 
have had the opportunity of contrasting the amount of 
genius and skill displayed by each, and also the objection¬ 
able blunders that have been committed by millwrights 
claiming a name for close workmanship and acute me¬ 
chanical skill as draftsmen. The first essential we shall 
notice, as requisite to a good mill of any kind, is power; 
the next is proportional strength in all its parts; the next 
being an economical arrangement of all its parts. This 
is the entire of what constitutes the name of a good 
millwright. We shall now point out what wo call the 
objectionable blunders of some of our trade. The first we 



110 


THE AMERICAN MILEER, 


shall notice is an inordinate love for display in erecting 
buildings of too costly a finish, as expensive and showy 
cornices, a large amount of the inside work cabinet and 
panel, made such as the useless panel-work exhibited 
in some of our mills on the custom and flouring bolting 
chests, doors, &c. &c. Again : the shafts turned and 
polished, and, worst of all, a display of complicated ma¬ 
chinery, where about one wheel would answer when 
three are used. This is wrong, and should not be the 
case, as you are foolishly wasting a large amount of 
capital, that might be much better invested in the pur¬ 
chase of wdieat. 

And not the least important matter to which we 
shall now call your attention more particularly, is the 
husk. 

A great many millwrights connect the husk with the 
main building. This is wrong. The husk should be a 
separate frame for two considerations, namely: First, 
it is the main support of most all the machinery; se¬ 
cond, when separate the stones work better, as they are 
not so likely to get out of level as where the husk is 
connected with the main building. Too many mill¬ 
wrights run into this error by framing the husk and 
building together, and the consequence is, when the mill 
is loaded with grain, the building settles,—as right over 
the husk the most weight is generally placed, and the 
stone keeps getting out of place daily, as well as all the 
other machinery attached thereto, which soon decreases 
the power of the mill, and gives the millwright who 
constructed the mill a name of slighting his work, when 


AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 


Ill 


the whole cause originated in this one particular,—of 
framing the husk to the main building. 

Another objection, which is quite discernible in too 
many good merchant-mills of our acquaintance, is an 
unnecessary tremour, which gives the machinery a vi¬ 
brating motion. This is easily discerned by the practi¬ 
cal machinist, as soon as his ear comes in contact with 
that ringing sound which all machinery has that is 
working irregular, as some of the wheels work deeper 
than their relative pitch circles, and others not deep 
enough for the pitch circle. This may all be avoided 
by not making your husk too long posted. As a general 
tiling, where your husk-posts are over 1*2 feet in length, 
there is a tremour, which has a tendency to keep the 
machinery continually working out of its centre. 


ON BEDDING THE STONE. 

Another difficulty exists with many millwrights, in 
regard to bedding the stones, and that is in laying them 
down in what I call a temporary manner, by laying 
boards or pieces under them, which keep shrinking and 
swelling, and making it difficult to keep the bed-stones 
level, with an attendant evil to the bush, as it also gets 
out of place by the same fault. The proper mode of 
bedding the stone is, to joint their beds in, the husk- 
timbers to a perfect level, then gauge the back-of your 



112 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


Htone to a size, and joint the same to a true having 
it a little hollow next the eye, and when placed will be 
perfectly level; then case around with two-inch plank, 
and there will be no trouble in your mill with the stones 
getting out of level, and the bush will not be half the 
trouble as in the old way of bedding stones. A proper 
attention to our observations,—in remedying the evils 
first pointed out, in arranging the machinery of mills 
to the best possible advantage,—is what makes a good 
practical millwright; and, also, it is the sum total of 
the trade. Good calculation and close work is as neces¬ 
sary to the millwright as the handling of the tools whieh 
ho daily uses. He must not think, in drafting mills, 
how much machinery he can place in the building, 
which only adds more capital that might be better en¬ 
gaged, as we have previously shown; but how little 
machinery it will possibly take to complete the mill in 
a skilful manner, should be the main object in view. 
And when we think of the many mills which have been 
built in various States of this Union, without any regard 
to those principles as just laid down, where thousands 
of dollars have been lavished by head millwrights, to 
the injury of their employers, we think ourselves fully 
justified in extending this caution to those of our trade 
who may need it. 

We have attached a set of tables for different sized 
mills to this work, for the use of those millwrights who, 
in the language of friend Fowler, have got coustructive- 
ness sufficiently large, but whose organ of order is be- 


AND millwright’s assistant. 


113 


low mediocrity. By these he may be able to obtain all 
the necessary information from our collection of jobs, 
which have been drafted especially for this work by the 
author and millwrights of more acknowledged ability, 
to suit all locations for steam and water-mills whose 
head and fall is from 3 to 30 feet, with a full calcula¬ 
tion of the amount of water necessary to drive from one 
to ten run of stones, on different heads, as shown in our 
jobs. All our plans for conducting mills of all descrip¬ 
tions, are drafted with due regard for that phrenological 
organ, called order, in the arrangement of the machinery 
on the most approved modern style of mill-building, 
both flouring, grist, and saw-mills. We have also an¬ 
nexed a catalogue of the different patterns of machinery, 
from some of the best foundries in the United States, 
as to perfect proportions in the different sizes and as¬ 
sortments of castings, both for quality and price, not to 
be undersold by any other establishments in the Union. 
It is for the benefit of the millwright, as it serves as a 
guide to direct him in all his plans,—as the patterns 
are all numbered in different sizes, and will serve the 
purpose of .aiding the millwright in selecting the differ¬ 
ent articles of machinery suitable for the different 
kinds of mills, and in proportioning his own work ac¬ 
cordingly. 


10* 



114 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


TO FIND THE NUMBER OF REVOLUTIONS OF THE 
WATER-WHEEL TER MINUTE. 

"We annex a table of rules for finding the revolutions 
of any sized water-wheel, which the millwright will find 
oftentimes useful in his practice, namely: 

First, find the circumference of the wheel by multi- 
ing the diameter by 22, and divide by 7, and the quo¬ 
tient is the correct answer. 


TO FIND THE VELOCITY OF THE STONE TER 

MINUTE. 

To find the velocity or number of revolutions of a 
foot stone per minute, multiply the diameter in 
inches, which is 54, by 22, and divide by 7, which gives 
a fraction less than 170 inches, the circumference. As 
the lowest calculation we give stones now, being 2063 
feet, or 24,756 inches, the skirt moves per minute, 
which would give the stone 146 revolutions per minute. 
This motion is much too slow for this size stone; we 
only insert it for the use ct those who like slow motion 
for stones. 



AND millwright’s assistant. 


iir> 


A RULE TO FIND THE DIAMETER OF ALL PITCH 

CIRCLES. 

The proper method is to multiply the number of cogs 
in the wheel by the pitch, as 

24 cogs and 2 inches pitch, 

2 pitch, 

gives 48, which is the circumference^ 

multiplied by 7, and divided by 22, 

thus, 22) 33G diameter in inches. 

22 

Hg 

no 

6 

To reduce to feet, divide by 12) 15.,^., 

1.3], which gives one 

foot three inches and a quarter. 


TO FIND HOW xMANY REVOLUTIONS THE STONE 
MAKES FOR ONE OF THE WATER-WHEELS. 

Divide 14G revolutions of the stone by the number 
of revolutions of the water-wheel, and the quotient is the 


answer. 








ll() THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


ON MACHINERY. 

A CORRECT knowledge of those fundiimental princi¬ 
ples of the power and use of machinery should be the 
chief study of both the miller and the millwright, but 
more particularly the latter. The millwright’s trade is 
different now from what it was thirty years ago. Then the 
millwright had all his own gearing to make, and could 
not be expected to build so complete and w'ell-arranged 
mills as he can now, wdiere he has every thing furnished 
in the shape of macliinery from the large machinery 
establishments wnth which our country abounds, all of 
the best description, fitted and finished in a superior 
style of mechanical contrivance, from the water-wheel 
to the smallest wheel in use about the mill, from which 
the millwright may select the requisite gearing to suit 
any water power capable of propelling mills of any de¬ 
scription. For full particulars, look at the index of this 
work, for mill-gearing and catalogues of the different 
patterns of machinery furnished. 


A RULE FOR CONSTRUCTING THE CONVEYOR. 

The conveyor is that useful piece of machinery wdiieh 
rorms an artificial screw for conveying either wheat, flour, 
or any other stuff, from one part of the mill to any de¬ 
sired part. It is simple in its construction, the shaft 



AND MTLLA^TIIGHT’s ASSISTANT. 1J7 

being from 4 to 6 inches in diameter. For a shaft of 4 
inches diameter, the flights should be about 1^ inches 
wide, with two inches in length for the blade, and a 
stem of one inch, to fill a hole in the shaft from seven- 
eighths of an inch to one inch in diameter. This size 
answers for flour and meal best, it requiring a more 
substantial one for the moving of grain. To a shaft of 
six inches diameter, the flight should be two inches 
wide on the blade. To lay out the shaft to receive 
them, dress it eight-square, put in the journals, and 
band them substantially; then lay out with the square 
for your flights in the following manner:—Scribe foi 
the first one on the end of the shaft; then measure with 
your dividers one-fourth of an inch from your first, and 
scribe your line on the next square of the shaft, which 
continue to do till you get to the other end; then go 
back and begin with the first point of your first flight to 
the first point of the scribe you made, for the second 
flight is called the pitch line, to set the flights at the 
proper angle. 


ON THE CONSTRUCTION OP MILL-DAMS. 

IMill-dams are generally a source of great expense, 
in keeping them in repair, when constructed out of poor 
materials. There are as many opinions on the proper 
way to build them as there are mill-dams in use. Some 
prefer stone, some clay, and others brush, logs, and 
every conceivable material of such nature. But, in 



118 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


building mill-dams, the first thing to be looked at is the 
location where the dam is to set, of what kind of a 
foundation it is to set on, whether a soft bottom or 
hard; in other words, clay or stone foundation by 
nature. If stone, the expense is not half as great as 
clay or other soil. 

But in the Western States, stone are not sufficiently 
plenty to construct dams of, so that on foundations ot 
soft bottoms the expense is greater to build dams than 
many wish to go to. 

In the first place, a good foundation is necessary to 
protect the dam from breaks, accidents by the burrowing 
of musk-rats, which occasion the destruction of so many 
mill-dams. 

As to the description of dams which we should re¬ 
commend wdiere stone are not handy, would be a frame 
dam, they being more permanent and capable of resist¬ 
ing the attacks of musk-rats and high water. We shall 
here give a plan for building such a dam as we should 
recommend for all mill sites of soft foundations. The 
bottom where you are going to erect the dam, should be 
levelled quite level, then mud sills should be sunk level 
with the surface, crossways of the stream, about 10 or 
1:2 feet apart, and of a width of 35 or 40 feet from bank 
to bank. The two outside sills should be piled with 2 
inch plank driven down to a depth of 4 or 5 feet, with 
the joints as close as possible, and they would bo the 
better of being lined with some light stuff | of an inch 
thick. Posts of 12 inches square should be framed into 
the first row of outside sills, on both sides, all the way 


AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 


119 


across the dam, from bank to bank, and a distance of 
six feet apart. They should each be locked with braces 
extending two-thirds of the length of the posts where 
they should be joined together with a lock instead of a 
mortice and tenon, with an iron bolt of an inch in di¬ 
ameter going through both and fastened with a nut. 
I prefer a lock joint to mortice and tenon for the follow¬ 
ing reason: The tenon soon becomes rotten, and the 
brace becomes useless in a few years. This brace should 
be set at an angle of about 55 or 60 degrees, with the 
other end morticed into a sill with a two inch mortice; 
being covered with the dirt, it will not decay, as the air is 
excluded. The braces require to be about 8 by 6 inches 
and 15 feet long. The posts should be capped from one 
to the other, plate fashion ; then the posts should receive 
lining of 2 inch plank on the inside next the dirt of both 
sides, pinned fast to the posts. 

If the stream afford a great deal of w^ater, I should 
recommend the dam to be built in two sections, as above 
described, which should be divided by a waste way for 
the surplus water, which should be located in the centre 
of the dam and of about sixty feet wide. For its con¬ 
struction, I should recommend the depth to be from the 
bottom of the dam in the following manner: Let each 
section of the dam form a hutment next the waste way, 
by placing sills four feet apart the length of the w^asto 
way; in each of these sills posts should be framed, with 
a brace for the sides. These rows of posts standing 
rio-ht across the dam, will form two sectional hutments 
of the dam, and the middle one may be constructed by 


120 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


being braced lengthwise of the stream with short braces 
to avoid being in the way of drift wood passing down 
stream, it being necessary for string pieces for a bridge. 
Then those sills should be covered with an apron of two 
inch plank, joined perfectly straight, extending at least 
40 feet below the dam, to carry off the water at such a 
distance to prevent an undermining of the dam, by hav¬ 
ing the foundation washed away, which the water will 
certainly do if allowed to fall on the soil too near the 
dam. The planks which are used for the purpose of 
lining the posts which form the hutments of each section 
of the dam and the ends of the waste way, should be j ointed, 
tongued, and grooved, to prevent-the slightest leakage. 

Every thing of importance being completed, the dirt 
should be filled in with teams, as the more it is tramped 
the better. Clay or coarse gravel is the best soil to use. 
Proper sized gates may be put in on the upper side of 
the waste way, about 3 or 4 feet wide, to a level with 
low water mark, not to be raised except in times of very 
high water, as the proper height of the mill-pond should 
be regulated by boards placed over the gates for the de¬ 
sired head, as the water should be allowed to pass at all 
times freely over them. 

This is the description of a frame dam which the 
author built. It gives the greatest satisfaction, it being 
proof against the attacks of musk-rats, which prove such 
an annoyance to the miller. Located in a country 
where those animals abound in great numbers, my dam 
has been built about seven years, and has not given way 
once in that time. 


AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 


121 


ON THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF SMUT MACHINES IN 
USE, WITH RULES FOR MAKING THE SAME. 

The smut machine is used for separating smut and 
all other impurities from the wheat, and is a necessary 
machine for all mills making good flour. But the kind 
of smut machine which should be used for that purpose, 
is difficult to find among the hosts of recent inventions, 
as every late invention seems to be got up more with the 
view of a shaving machine than for the purpose of sepa¬ 
rating smut from wheat, for which they are disposed to 
the miller. 

The most of those inventions that I have seen in use, 
are constructed of cast iron, which soon wear smooth, 
and are then rendered useless, for the want of a suffi¬ 
ciently rough surface to scrape off the smut from the 
grain. 

Another great difficulty exists with those kind of smut 
machines. They all require too great a velocity, which 
produces more friction than there ought to be produced, 
where there is so much light combustible material, as 
chaff, &c., eight hundred revolutions per minute being 
the motion they require. 

I have constructed a smut machine which is very 
simple, and safe from fire occasioned by friction, as the 
motion does not require over 500 revolutions per minute 
for the smallest size, and 400 for the largest size. It is 
nothing more than an improvement on the old cone ma¬ 
chine, the only difference being, that in my machine the 

11 


122 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


cylinder differs by its being made so as to produce a 
strong current of air, which acts on the wheat as it passes 
through the machine, and forces it through the con¬ 
cave, which is made of Russian sheet iron, perforated 
with an oblong punch. We here give the dimensions 
of a machine that will clean about 30 or 40 bushels per 
hour. 

The bottom should be 30 inches in diameter, and the 
top 18 inches in diameter, and 36 inches deep, which 
gives the proper sized concave. The cylinder should be 
constructed on an iron shaft, which should be turned 
at both ends, one end to a proper point, which should be 
pointed with a good cast-steel point, fitted to run per¬ 
pendicularly. The shaft should be two inches square. 
The cylinder should be solid, in the following propor¬ 
tions : The bottom 20 inches in diameter, and the top 
12 inches; then fit. on 15 beeters, or wings, made out 
of heavy band iron, wide enough to fill up the remainder 
of the concave, giving each wing about one-half inch 
from the concave, which would leave each wing 4f 
inches at the bottom, and 2f inches at the top. In put¬ 
ting oa the wings, one edge should be turned so as to 
form a right angle with the wings, and about an inch 
wide, with holes suflScient to screw them on to the cy¬ 
linder with the flanges screwed on the opposite way from 
which the cylinder runs. The band pully should be on 
the top of the machine. When the machine is ready 
to set up, it should bolted down on a square frame, made 
to receive it, two feet from the floor, and this frame 
should be enclosed with No. 12 wire, so as to allow the 


AND millwright’s assistant. 


123 


air to the machine. I prefer having the top and bottom 
segments made of cast iron instead of wood, with 3 
sockets cast iron, in each half of the top and bottom 
segments. The sockets should be about 2 inches square, 
to receive the ribs that form the concave that the sheet 
iron is screwed to, which would be six in number. 
Cast iron will last much longer than wood, and is made 
in one-half the time. After the patterns are made for 
the castings, the cost of one of these smut machines is 
not over fifty dollars, and can be made by any mill¬ 
wright. They are used in some of the best merchant 
flouring mills in the States of New York and Ohio. 
The wheat ought to pass through a blower before it ar¬ 
rives in the garner over the stone. If the wheat passes 
from the smut mill through the spout into the garner, 
then it will do to have a small blower directly under the 
smut mill, but if taken from the machine by elevators, 
the blower ought to be erected right over the garner 
that feeds the stone, as dust is always settling about the 
elevators. 

This smut machine is the cheapest for all kinds of 
mills, from the smallest grist to the largest flouring mill, 
being free from all unnecessary friction, and when 
smooth is easily sharpened by punching over, until 
the sheet iron is worn out, which will last three or four 
years, and can be replaced in a short time when worn 
out. From an eighth to a sixteenth is wide enough to 
punch the sheet iron for the concave. 


124 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


REMARKS ON A LATE INVENTION, OF INTRODUCING 
AIR BETWEEN MILLSTONES, WHEN GRINDING. 

This invention was patented a few years ago, by a 
miller, in the State of Ohio; and from the ingenuity 
displayed in the contrivance, promised a flattering hope 
of its utility as an assistant means in having the meal 
cooled in the operation of grinding; but this artificial 
means of using air between the millstones must prove 
a failure, and the reason is, it comes in contact with two 
essential principles of natural philosophy,—the first be¬ 
ing that of friction, and the second, the natural and only 
element of friction, heat. The inventor should have 
first examined the natural laws by which friction is pro¬ 
duced, and then he could have clearly seen the impossi¬ 
bility of suppressing the heat of millstones while per¬ 
forming the operation of grinding; as every intelligent 
miller must know, that pressing grain between two mill¬ 
stones creates the very agent that performs the grinding, 
being friction, and as heat is the element of friction, the 
amount of friction produced by a millstone when grind¬ 
ing, is as the square root of the amount of pressure 
used; consequently, the amount of air necessary to re¬ 
pel the heat produced by the friction of grinding, would 
have to be great enough to blow the stone off the cock- 
head. Our remarks on this subject are based on natural 
philosophy, together with an examination of the inven¬ 
tion in operation. The mode of using this artificial air 


AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 125 

between millstones, as applied by the patentee, is ex¬ 
tremely simple, a good feature in this principle, as the 
expense of the contrivance is small. A large bellows 
is placed in the cog-pit, conducting a given quantity of 
air into four attached pipes which enter the millstones 
through the corners of the bush, the pipes being sunk 
as deep as is necessary in the four leading furrows near¬ 
est the corner follower of the bush in the head stone, 
and open at the ends of the pipes to admit the passage 
of the air. This is only an outline of the principle, 
being sufficient for our purpose, to convey a proper idea 
of the application and use of the invention, for the use 
of all those millers who have not examined the inven¬ 
tion personally. The author refrains from passing any 
decided opinion on this invention, out of motives of 
delicacy to the patentee, as well as other proprietors; 
but we consider that this invention would be more useful 
as a means of cooling the flour or meal, by having it 
applied in the cooler instead of the stone. We think 
that one-fiftieth part of the air applied in the cooler, or 
hopper, would effect the cooling of the meal more than 
it is possible for it to be done as applied through the 
stones; and we see no reason to prevent its being use¬ 
ful in moist sultry weather, when applied in the cooler, 
by making the temperature of air below that of the 
surrounding air outside, and the meal must bolt cleaner, 
and in some cases better, than without this artificial 

mode of conducting the air to the cooler. 

11 * 


120 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


A DESCllIPTION OF THE AUTHOR’S GRAIN-DRYER, 


Tins machine is constructed in the following simple 
manner:—It consists of two or more stationary cylin¬ 
ders, one above the other; and by the use of double 
transverse rakes, the grain is passed from the top cylin¬ 
der to the bottom, and from that to the millstone, from 
which, after being ground, it passes into a bolt made 
expressly of fine brass wire. This machine is heated 
by an ordinary common furnace, on which the machine 
is built. The machine is constructed of iron entirely, 
and in the most durable manner. 

Having examined various machines for the same pur¬ 
pose, the author feels assured that his machine will ex¬ 
tract the oil and moisture from Indian corn better than 
any other contrivance for a similar purpose, for the fol¬ 
lowing reasons, namely: That, owing to its peculiar 
construction, a great heat can be brought to act on the 
grain in the last stage of drying, or, in other words, 
the different degrees of heat which the grain encounters, 
on this principle of stationary cylinders, is more bene¬ 
ficial than if the degrees of heat on each cylinder was 
equal, as the heat on the bottom cylinder is always the 
greatest, and which acts on the grain last. This is a 
principle which my machine commands over all others. 
Next, the combination of stationary cylinders being such 
as to allow the heat to act on each other, as the number 
of cylinders above the bottom are all punched so as to 


HUGHES’ GRAIN DRYER.—Page 120. 




























































































































AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 


127 


admit the heat to operate on each in succession; also, 
it being constructed out of material which renders it 
fire-proof. 

It is entirely an original invention of the author, per¬ 
fectly simple in its construction, and will make a decided 
improvement in that great staple production of the soil 
of most of the States of this Union: as, from the na¬ 
ture of Indian corn, without being properly dried, it 
becomes an article of dangerous investment in com¬ 
mercial trade, for either the miller or merchant. In 
warm weather it will heat and sour before it reaches 
market, which prohibits the merchant from operating 
largely in the purchase of this grain until late in the 
coming season; consequently, our farmers receive no 
return from this crop until so late a period in the fol¬ 
lowing season, that the country generally, does not real¬ 
ize one-half the benefit from this extensive crop. A 
knowledge of the importance it would be to those States 
that raise large surplus quantities of this grain, so much 
wanted in other countries, induced the author to con¬ 
struct some means for accomplishing what he conceives 
to be a great end or improvement in this particular, 
which will dry from one hundred to one thousand bushels 
of corn per day, with one machine. Every intelligent 
farmer wdll acknowledge the benefit derived from my 
invention, which will enable him to receive the full 
value for his corn crop, by making it an article of im¬ 
mediate demand, cither by the merchant or miller, who 
buys it for export. The price of Indian corn, in all our 
western markets, is always, in the fall and winter, low^er 


128 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


than western farmers can atford to raise it for; and al¬ 
ways will be, until it can be properly manufactured at 
home, and sent to our commercial cities for export in a 
situation that will warrant capital being employed in the 
purchase of it. For such is our machine intended. 

According to chemical analysis, corn contains a pro¬ 
portion of moisture double that of any other of the ce¬ 
real grains, and retains it during its natural existence. 
As oil is a large portion of its component parts, it pre¬ 
vents the moisture from evaporating, except by artificial 
means. 

My invention may also be profitably used in drying 
wheat, as well as corn, and save a large amount of capi¬ 
tal frequently lost by those who deal largely in this kind 
of produce. Wheat should unquestionably be dried be¬ 
fore it is ground, if the flour is wanted to keep any or¬ 
dinary length of time, particularly for export. It will 
also yield much more flour per bushel, and require 
about one-half the machinery to manufacture it that it 
otherwise does where it is not dried. The quality of the 
flour is improved at least ten per cent., as, by drying 
the wheat, all impurities of a vegetable nature are en¬ 
tirely consumed; and by extracting its natural moist¬ 
ure, the flour will consume, when baked, more water 
than it would before the grain was dried, which makes 
the bread much more palatable, it being more spongy 
than bread made from flour of any climate; and if pro¬ 
per care is taken to dry the barrels over a charcoal fire 
previous to packing, the flour, will remain sweet for 


AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. - 129 

years, and stand the salt water equally as well as a bar* 
rel of beef or pork. 

For further information on this subject, the reader is 
referred to an article in this work by Professor Burke, 
taken from his Beport to the Commissioner of Patents 
of the United States, for 1848. 


RULES FOR THE PURCHASE OF WHEAT FOR MILLERS’ 

USE. 

This is a subject of much importance to both the 
miller and farmer, as well as all others dealing in wheat 
—the standard weight of which is held at 60 pounds per 
measured bushel of 32 quarts.- But the deleterious ef¬ 
fects to which this crop is so often subject, cause fre¬ 
quent disappointment to both miller and farmer, by 
wheat crops frequently falling short, (per measured 
bushel, of this referred-to standard weight,) and ren¬ 
ders necessary some plan for the benefit and protection 
of both parties. 

In a great many of our milling establishments a rule 
of dockage^ as it is termed, prevails, in the following pro¬ 
portion : For every pound that the measured bushel falls 
short of 60, one pound is added to make up this shrink¬ 
age, as in the case of wheat weighing but 56 pounds per 
measured bushel, 64 is required, and in like proportion 
as the case may be. Now this plan of dockage I should 
not at all recommend, from the fact that it raises a pre¬ 
judice, in the minds of farmers generally, against the 



130 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


mill, wherever this plan prevails. As the difference in 
judgment of the buyer and seller of this article conflicts 
so frequently, the deduction, according to the foregoing 
rules, does not at all suit the views of farmers generally. 

To obviate this difficulty, I should recommend the 
miller to deal in the article of wheat as the merchant 
does in the article of calicoes, broadcloths, or any other 
description of goods, whose relative value is flxed accord¬ 
ing to its quality. This I deem to be the true and general 
rule which should be adopted by all merchant millers. 
The only exception which should be taken to this plan 
is when the miller does custom flouring; that is, where 
farmers have their wheat floured by the barrel on their 
own account; and in this case, only where the farmer has 
the miller restricted as to the number of bushels of wheat 
allowed for each barrel of flour. There are many sea¬ 
sons that wheat overruns its standard weight, and as 
frequently it falls short of it. When the grain is well 
filled, it is to the advantage of the farmer more than the 
miller, as good plump wheat, well cleaned, generally 
overruns some two or more pounds per bushel, mea¬ 
sured according to the species. 

The different species of wheat require also to be con¬ 
sidered in the profits of millers, as the yield of flour of 
each is as varied as the different samples. This is the 
result of simple experience, which millers are all more 
or less acquainted with. That sample of wheat which 
weighs heaviest does not always make the most flour, 
hor, as a general thing, the sample of wheat called Me¬ 
diterranean, for actual weight, exceeds by some pounds 


AND MILL\VRIGIIT’s ASSISTANT. 


131 


any other sample. In this particular, now, most mil¬ 
lers know that this is not the description for merchant 
flour, from the fact that it is of a coarse, hard nature, 
diflBcult to grind, and always bolts so very free that the 
flour is quite specky, and partaking entirely of the fari¬ 
naceous substance more than any other of the kind, be¬ 
sides containing less starch than most other samples of 
wheat. But, as regards its nutritious qualities, it is 
inferior to none of the wheat species. It contains 
about 20 per cent, of gluten, which makes it a desirable 
sample for family flour and home use. But being so 
far below other samples in the quantity of starch, which 
tends to give the berry a dark appearance, renders it 
comparatively useless for transportation, the flour hav¬ 
ing a coarse, specky appearance, which tends very much 
to injure its sale. 

As regards the best quality of wheat for millers’ use, 
I recommend the Michigan White Flint, it being supe¬ 
rior in richness, containing much less water and more 
gluten than other qualities grown in the Western States 
There are of this species two distinct kinds—namely, 
the large White Flint and the Michigan Dwarf; the 
latter being of a more delicate and rich quality of wheat, 
and producing flour of the best quality. At the exhi 
bition of agricultural specimens by the Michigan 
State Agricultural Society, in 1849, at the city ot 
Detroit, these two last-mentioned samples of wheat took 
first and second premiums, in preference to- ail others 
exhibited—the author being the exhibitor of the Dwarf 
White Flint, and received the premium for the same 


132 THE AMERICAN MILLER, 

This seems to be particularly adapted to the luxuriaut 
soil of Michigan; and if it were possible to deliver it in 
the New York market in the same state of neatness that 
Oswego and Genesee flour is brought to that market, Mi¬ 
chigan flour would justly merit the preference. But the 
distance being so much greater, and reshipping so fre¬ 
quent, by which the barrels become racked and soiled 
to that extent, that the western miller has those difficul- 
ties to contend with, that are entirely unknown to mil¬ 
lers in western New York. For it is a notorious fact, 
that the heaviest milling establishments in New York 
are almost exclusively supplied with western wheat, and 
principally of mixed qualities, from spring wheat upwards, 
and from which the Genesee flour is principally made. 
But its going to market in such a nice clean manner is 
the sole reason of its generally commanding a better 
price; which fully corroborates the old proverb : A man 
is known and respected in proportion to the quality of 
the cloth in the coat that he wears; and a maxim of 
philosophy extensively countenanced by all city flour 
inspectors, whose judgment is more frequently guided by 
the outward appearance of a barrel of flour, than by the 
contents and quality of the interior, which, for some years 
past, has operated very much to the disadvantage of all 
western millers who had not, until recently, a flour agent 
to receive and dispose of their flour for them, which 
was actually necessary in New York markets. By a 
wise legislative act, the office of public flour inspector is 
now abolished, which tends to place western fancy 


AND millwright’s assistant. 


ins 


brands on a par with stately Genesee, which, j revious 
to this, was not the case. 

See article on the inspection of flour. 


THE TROrER METHOD FOR FITTING THE BALE AND 
DRIVER TO THE MILLSTONE. 

Tins operation of fitting the irons in millstones re¬ 
quires a great degree aecuracy in the millwright. In 
the first part of the process, the gains should be laid 
from the exact centre of the stone, for both bale and 
driver. If the old-fashioned transverse driver is used, 
it is better to have boxes to drive against. After these 
gains are ready to receive their irons, the bale should 
be first inserted, and fastened to the centre. Before 
the bale is inserted to its place, great care should bo 
taken that the gains which receive it are smooth at the 
bottom, and exactly of the same depth; for if the bale 
is not perfectly level at each end, the stone cannot be 
made to drive true, and will always get out of balance 
as soon as it is set in motion, which causes a great deal 
of trouble to the miller to keep the spindle-neck tight. 
Then place the bale in the gains. The stone being 
level, fasten a small board in the eye of the stone— 
called the centre-board; then find the exact centre of 
the stone on the board, bore a hole large enough to admit 
a plumb-line through, with a ball and fine point; then 
move the ball until it agrees exactly with the plumb- 

points; then it is supposed to be in the centre of the 

12 



134 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 

stone. Make it perfectly fast with iron wedges, tapered 
a little for the purpose; then fasten the boxes to the 
driver by means of four wood wedges, allowing at least one 
inch at each end, and one inch on the reverse side from 
which it drives, for play room. Then insert the driver 
and boxes into the gains prepared to receive them. 
Place the spindle into the irons, as when running, and 
make a tram to go from the spindle-neck to the peri¬ 
phery of the stone, similar to the one used for tramming 
the spindle to the centre of the bed-stone, with a piece 
long enough to go through the sweep and extend per¬ 
pendicularly to the spindle point, where it should go 
through a small transverse cap, that plays on the spin¬ 
dle point, seven inches long, with a hole through it to 
receive the point of the spindle. 

This is what is called a tram for placing the driver in 
its proper position. To drive the stone by them, turn 
the sweeps, moving the driver by iron wedges driven be¬ 
tween the stone and boxes, until the quill touches alike 
all around the stone. The spindle should be held per¬ 
fectly plumb until completed. Take some dough or clay 
and plaster it well on the outside of the bale and driver, 
to prevent the bed from running out, as it is poured in 
around the irons. There is another kind of driver used, 
which drives by the bale, called a swallow-tail driver. 
This kind is the best, as it saves cutting away the stone 
from the eye, where it is so much wanted, and is 
trammed to drive just as the other kind, by chipping 
away the touching parts till it trams perfectly with the 
driver and the bale. It requires room for play, just as 


AND millwright’s assistant. 


13h 


the other kind, and is much better as a driver, by its 
not taking up so much room. 


REMARKS ON PACKING FLOUR, WITH A PACKER’S 
TABLE FOR THE SAME. 

As one branch of the business connected with the 
flouring mill, the packing requires some attention to its 
department; in particular, cleanliness on the part of the 
packer cannot be too strictly recommended. The next 
point in connection, is the necessity of properly preparing 
the flour barrels, by setting all the hoops before nailing, 
and then using just enough of nails in each barrel, 
which should not be less than one dozen. Then, before 
the flour is put into the barrel, each mill should be fur¬ 
nished with a portable coal furnace, and each barrel 
should be well aired over this fire previous to its being 
packed. This will purify the barrel of all acids, and 
gaseous substances, which tend to sour the flour, by lactic 
acid fermentation, which is generated from substances in 
oak timber if not thoroughly dry. In marking the tare 
on the barrel, it should be done on the scribed end that 
is taken out. In weighing the barrels, some mills make 
a rule of deducting one pound for the shrinkage of the 
same, but in all cases the full amount of flour should be 
allowed, with one and one-fourth pound for waste. 
This will tend materially to the credit of the mill in es¬ 
tablishing a straight brand. Flour barrels packed in the 



13G 


THE A3IERICAN MILLER, 


^VcstcrIl States require to be somewliat heavier than those 
used nearer market, and well hooped, with the chime 
hoops one and a quarter inches wide, weighing from 
eighteen to twenty pounds. 


PACKER’S TABLE. 


Weight of bbls. 

Tub weight. 

When packed 

15 lbs. 

. 0 . 

. 211 lbs. 

1C lbs. 

. 0 . 

. 212 lbs. 

17 lbs. 

. 0 . 

. 213 lbs. 

18 lbs. 

. 0 . 

. 214 lbs. 

19 lbs. 

. 0 . 

. 215 lbs. 

20 lbs. 

. 0 . 

. 21G lbs. 

21 lbs. 

. 0 . 

. 217 lbs. 

22 lbs. 

. 0 . 

. 218 lbs. 

23 lbs. 

. 0 . 

. 219 lbs. 

24 lbs. 

. 0 . 

. 220 lbs. 

25 lbs. 

. 0 . 

. 221 lbs. 


REMARKS ON BRANDING FLOUR IN BARRELS 

This part, although frequently done carelessly, with¬ 
out sufficient attention to its neatness, requires the mil¬ 
ler’s attention, to see that the quality of the flour is equal 
to the insignia it bears. This is an essential which 
every respectable mill should keep inviolate. All good 
mills of first class should have at least two brands, su¬ 
perfine extra, and superfine. First quality wheat, if 
manufactured properly, wull bear the extra. Inferior 
wheat will not, and second grinding should never bo 

























AND MILLWRTC.riT’s ASSISTANT. 


137 


branded higher than fine in any case. I also recom¬ 
mend two colours for the brands of each mill: Venetian 
red for second brand, and light blue for first brand, mixed 
with spirits of turpentine, put on with a soft brush, and 
branded on the opposite end from the one marked with 
the tare. 

The packer should have a similar table to this in front 
of his scales, with the weight of the tub included. 


MAUKS’S PATENT BOLT. 

Tuts principle of constructing bolts has been but 
lately introduced to the milling public, and called by 
the inventor, a hot bolt. The term hot we have omitted. 
We consider the improvement regulated entirely by a 
good principle of natural philosophy, as the bolt is placed 
in a cylinder, air-tight, which prevents any pressure of 
the surrounding atmosphere on the outside of the bolt¬ 
ing-cloth, and forms a draft from the inside of the 
bolt. As large quantities of air, brought from the stone 
and elevators into the bolt, give an outward pressure, 
by which the meshes of the cloth are always kept open ; 
consequently, a bolt constructed in this way will bolt 
nearly as fast again as the old plan of construction. 

]3ut it can make no dilference as to the state in v Inch 

tlie meal is in, whether hot or cold, if ground properly; 

and in all cases bolts faster and more freely where the 

meal is cool than otherv/ise, as it is known the finer the 

12 * 



138 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 

meal is ground, tlie more the natural element of moist¬ 
ure, which the grain contains, is extracted, which gives 
flour that savory feeling when ground too fine, that ope¬ 
rates like paste on the bolts. This invention does away 
with a great many useless wheels, and tends to improve 
the power thereby. But when adopted for merchant 
flour, I should prefer the conveyor, which conducts the 
flour, to be separate from the bolt, as used by the in¬ 
ventor. 


ON THE INSPECTION OF FLOUR. 

The duty of the flour inspector is one which requires 
a vast amount of experience in the different qualities of 
flour, to perform it properly; and no inspector of flour 
should be allowed to hold that office, who is not a prac¬ 
tical miller; and as public officers of inspection are fast 
going out of date, much to the credit of those States 
where this office, as a public one, is abolished, millers 
generally will stand a better chance in this respect. It 
is absolute nonsense, to have a person authorized by 
legislative enactment, to pass his judgment on this great 
staple of our country. We might just as well say in¬ 
spectors are necessary to inspect cloth, cotton, or any 
other article that the merchant has to sell. But almost 
any man may be his own inspector, if he considers or 
becomes acquainted with the essentials requisite to be 
considered in inspecting flour, and they arc—first, co¬ 
lour; the degree of fines, next; and these constitute 
the leading principles of inspection For all samples 



AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 


139 


of flour that possess a bright-orange cast, and feels 
lively, and possesses a fine grit on feeling it between the 
thumb and forefinger,—such a sample as this does not 
require four cents per barrel for an inspector to say that 
it is good. If the flour is too specky, it will not pos¬ 
sess the bright-orange cast, as described, but exhibit a 
grayish colour, soon detected. But specks in flour, 
when it does not change the colour of it to a gray, is 
no injury, but an advantage,—for the flour contains 
more nutriment, when made on No. 8 bolting-cloth, than 
the finer texture,—as the speck of flour is generally 
composed of the glutinous substance contained in the 
wheat, and gives that body to flour made on No. 8 cloth, 
which flour made on finer cloth docs not possess. Finer 
bolting-cloths allow all the starchy part of the wheat to 
pass through them, being always pulverized finer than 
the gluten, which is tougher and more elastic; and the 
less of the latter, the more valuable; and I further lay 
it down as an established flxet, that flour possessing a 
good rich orange-colour should never deter the pur¬ 
chaser from buying it, specks to the contrary notwith¬ 
standing. 

For the accommodation of dealers in the staple of 
flour, a better plan can be resorted to than the old sys¬ 
tem, of maintaining an ofiicer for that specific purpose, 
as follows:—The board of trade in each commercial 
city should have a register of all flour-brands coming 
for sale to their particular markets. This re-gister should 
state what State and county said flour came from, the 
name of the mill, and all particular marks cn the same, 


1 10 THE AMERICAN MILLER, 

and also the quality of said flour when registered, in 
the following style,—as fine superfine No. 1, No. 2, No. 
3,—these being the highest, or extra grade. This sys¬ 
tem would have a desired influence, as by it all persons 
could have the character of their particular mills fully 
established, according to the quality of their flour. 
This register should be established by some municipal 
law, and monthly report of said register be made and 
published by the leading commercial papers of the city, 
or market, where such register is kept. 

Any city or market adopting the foregoing observa¬ 
tions, would insure a benefit equal to that derived now 
from the use of tlie bank-note detector. 


REPORT 

On the Bread-stuffs of the United States,—their relative 
value, and the injurij which they sustain Ly transport, 
warehousing, <f‘c.— By LEms C. Beck, M. D. 

Butgers’ College, ) 
New Brunswieh, N. J., Dec. 15, 1848. j 

Sir :—I beg leave to submit, in as concise a manner 
ts possible, the results of my researches in regard to the 
OrcadstufFs of the United States, since April last. The 
work has been prosecuted in accordance with the instruc- 
Mons which I have received from you: and I hope its 
execution, thus far, will commend itself to your fiivour 
aj;d to that of the public. Being impressed with its 



AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 


141 


importance, I have spared no pains to prepare myself 
for the faithful discharge of the trust with which you 
have been pleased to honour me. 

I deem it proper to state distinctly, that my constant 
aim has been to render this investigation useful. My 
object has been to show, in the simplest manner, and 
with as few technicalities as possible, how the value of 
the various breadstuffs may be determined, their injury 
guarded against, and their adulterations detected. 
Whilst I am by no means insensible to the importance 
of accuracy, and yield a willing homage to those who 
are engaged in minute and careful analyses, I supposed 
that the purpose which you had in view would be best 
accomplished by the employment of such processes as 
may be easily understood, and even repeated, by all those 
who feel sufficient interest in the subject to read the 
description which I shall give of them. I concur en¬ 
tirely in the remarks made by a reviewer of the first 
'•eport on coals suited to the (British) steam navy, “That 
ne neglect of government to aid science is due, in a 
great measure, to the mistaken views of scientific men. 
They have too often overlooked or disregarded those 
matters which have a practical tendency, which poli¬ 
ticians alone consider of importance.^’—“ Men engaged 
in maintaining the balance of power and regulating the 
complicated machinery of a great commercial and manu¬ 
facturing commonwealth, however capacious their minds, 
cannot be expected to entertain the theoretical views of 
the philosopher, who sacrifices his knowledge of the 
world to his love of science.” 


142 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 

I tlionglit it proper thus to announce the plan which 
has been adopted in these researches, to render them 
useful to the mani/j without attempting to make addi¬ 
tions to the already accumulated stores of the few. As 
the people, through their representatives, have furnished 
the means for carrying on this work, they are entitled 
to receive all the benefits which are to be derived from it. 

I have only to add, that my attention, thus far, "has 
been almost exclusively directed to wheat and wheat 
flour. I propose, during the next year, should the work 
be continued, to extend the examination to such samples 
of these as may hereafter be received, and then to pro¬ 
ceed to that of maize and maize meal, which have re¬ 
cently become such important articles of export. 

I have the honour to be your obedient servant, 

Lewis C. Beck. 

To the Hon. Edmund Burke, 

Commissioner of Patents. 


report. 

Agriculture, commerce, and the arts constitute the 
chief business of the industrious portions of our race, 
and it is to the physical peculiarities of a country that 
we are chiefly to refer the predominance of one or other 
of these pursuits. Thus England, with her vast mine¬ 
ral wealth and her dense population, must, almost of 
necessity, be a manufacturing nation; and, although 



^ AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 


143 


bIig is also noted for lier extended commerce and lier 
improved agriculture, the great attention which she hag 
paid to the latter may, perhaps, be fairly ascribed to 
those peculiar views concerning the interchange between 
nations which have heretofore prevailed. The rich and 
valuable mines of the central portions of the continent 
of Europe, and the numerous arts which can flourish onlj 
in their immediate vicinity, must ever give occupation 
to a large portion of their inhabitants. Comparatively 
few commercial advantages are enjoyed by them, and the 
produce of their agriculture seldom rises above the 
amount which is necessary for the supply of their own 
immediate wants. In all these countries, therefore, the 
failure of a single crop is the cause of serious apprehen¬ 
sion, and in some of them, as in Austria, although a 
large proportion of the population is engaged in agri¬ 
culture, there is need of a yearly importation of bread- 
stuffs. This has been ascribed to a defective mode of 
tillage, but I am inclined to believe that it arises, in part 
at least, if not entirely, from the high price of the land. 
It is the large returns which the farmer must extort 
from the soil in order to meet the interest of the heavy 
investment, which discourages him in his efforts, and 
which at length has the effect of diminishing the amount 
of the agricultural products. All the appliances of sci¬ 
ence and art may be called into requisition to increase 
the yield of the soil, but every improvement of this kind 
only increases the price of the land and amount of rent 
which must be raised from it. When we look at the 
contrast which the I’nited Slates present in this >'espcct, 


X4.4 THE AMERICAN MILLER, * 

we need not wonder that, while travellers speak in rap¬ 
tures of the agriculture of France and Belgium, Ger¬ 
many and England, the famished population of some of 
those countries has been fed by the surplus produce of 
a comparatively rude mode of tillage. 

During the year 1847, breadstuifs to the value of 
$t3,000,000 were exported from this country to Great 
Britain and Ireland alone. The vast agricultural re¬ 
sources of the United States were then for the first time 
duly appreciated. Notwithstanding the quantity export¬ 
ed during the present year bears no proportion to that 
of the preceding one, there can be little doubt that our 
country is destined to be the granary of the world. 
We cannot boast of those mineral riches which are found 
elsewhere; still, deposits of iron ore and coal, those most 
valuable products, exist here in great abundance.* But 
our chief treasure is the soil, and the immense extent of 
our republic, and the liberal policy which has been pur¬ 
sued in regard to the disposition of its lands, places it 
in the power of almost every inhabitant to become the 
owner of a domain, which in Europe could be possessed 
only by a favoured few. 

It is a common mistake that land which is in the 


* We must respectfully dissent from the learned professor 
in this part of his report, believing as we do, that no portion of 
the globe, known to either the ancients or moderns, surpasses 
the United States in the richness and purity of her mine¬ 
rals ; not even the gold of Ophir and Tarshish will bear com¬ 
parison with the products of the El Dorado and Sacramento 
of California. 



AND millwright’s assistant. 


145 


liigliest ^tate of cultivation, and yields the largest crops, 
is necessarily the most valuable. It is stated by Bous- 
singault, that a field in the neighbourhood of Pampeluna, 
where the rent of land is extremely low, gave a profita¬ 
ble crop of wheat, although the yield was not more than 
from six and a half to seven and a half bushels per acre. 

An English farmer,” says Washington, in a letter ad¬ 
dressed to Arthur Young, ^^must have a very difi’ero.nt 
opinion of our soil when he hears that with us an acre 
produces no more than eight or ten bushels of wheat; 
but he must not forget that in all countries where land 
is cheap and labour is dear, the people prefer cultivating 
much to cultivating well.” 

It is this very extent of our country, and the cheap¬ 
ness of the land, which now, as at the date of the letter 
of Washington, contribute to render our comparatively 
rude culture the most profitable in the world. Thus, 
while the average of the produce of wheat in the United 
States is not probably above 15 or 16 bushels to the 
acre, that in Germany is more than 25 bushels; in 
England, 25 or 26; and in France, 24. Still, as has 
neen already stated, the amount of breadstufis raised 
here, far exceeds that produced in either of the coun¬ 
tries above named. And the same consideration, viz. 
cheapness of land, together with the rapid and cheap 
rate at which, by machinery, the crop is harvested and 
made ready for the miller, must give to the Western 
States and Territories great advantages for the cultiva¬ 
tion of the cereal grain. 

As there is no probability that, for many years to 

13 


146 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


come, our population will be over-crowded, and the price 
of good cultivable land be much increased, it is easy to 
see what must become the leading occupation of the 
multitude who will here seek refuge from the poverty 
and oppression of other countries. The truth of this 
proposition will probably be quite apparent to those whose 
attention has been directed to the subject. But a large 
number of our citizens have no just idea of the agricul¬ 
tural resources of the United States. One object of 
this report, therefore, is to spread out the facts, and to 
give them the widest publicity; to show, indeed, that 
while commerce and the arts must give employment to 
a great number of persons, our great business is agricul¬ 
ture; and that the true interests of the country will be 
promoted by giving to this pursuit all necessary encou¬ 
ragement. 

I have said that our mode of culture is still compara¬ 
tively rude. It was quaintly remarked to a traveller, by 
the gardener of Drummond Castle, that, “If science once 
gets into the farmer’s ground, it penetrates into the 
very heart of a nation.” This is perhaps true; but it 
must be confessed that, thus far, the influence of science 
upon agriculture has been very trifling, when compared 
with the vast improvements which it has effected in the 
arts. The difference proceeds principally from two 
causes, assigned by Count Chaptal: “ The first is, that 
the greater part of the phenomena offered to us by agri¬ 
culture are the effects of the laws of vitality, which go¬ 
vern the functions of plants, and these laws are still, in 
a great measure, unknown to us; whilst in the arts. 


AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 


147 


whicli arc exercised upon rude and inorganic matter, all 
is regulated, all is produced by the action either of phy- 
eical laws only, or of simple affinity, which arc known 
to us. The second cause is, that, in order to apply the 
physical sciences to agriculture, it is necessary to study 
their operations profoundly, not only in the closet, but 
in the field.” It will not, therefore, appear surprising 
that the researches which have been made in regard to 
plants have often assumed a wrong direction, and have 
not led to those important results which were promised 
upon the one side and expected upon the other. Thus 
most of the analyses of the proximate principles of 
plants, not having been made upon such as are in a per¬ 
fectly pure state, are to be considered only as approxi¬ 
mations of the truth. The same remark will, in a great 
measure, apply to the numerous determinations of the 
quality and quantity of the ash obtained by the com¬ 
bustion of the grains used as breadstutfs. ‘‘The grain 
is an assemblage of various distinct parts, differing from 
one another in composition, and varying also very much 
in their relative proportions. So, also, the dried stem of 
a plant, the entire straw of a cereal grass, may be burn¬ 
ed in like manner. But this, too, is an assemblage of 
many parts. The exterior less vascular portion, the 
interior full of vessels, the fluids which circulate through 
them, all contain their peculiar inorganic substances, 
and all vary almost endlessly in their relative propor¬ 
tions.” 

Similar objections might be urged against the ana¬ 
lyses of soils, which have been so vigorously prose- 


148 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


cuted by many chemists. That the facts wh.ch have 
thus accumulated may have some value, is not to be 
doubted; but they must, after all, be considered as only 
introductory to researches conducted with a more just 
appreciation of their true influence upon the improve¬ 
ment of agriculture. It is to be feared that, in many 
cases, these almost useless labours have been suggested 
by the erude and hasty generalizations which, unfortu¬ 
nately, within a few years past, have too often usurped 
the place of patient inquiry. A recent writer has well 
observed, that, Of the classes which have been thus 
led away, there has been none which has been so far 
misguided as the sober one of farmer'. It is to him that 
the vegetable quack appeals, offering, in the application 
of chemical manures, electricity, magnetism, and other 
agents, harvests more golden than the world had ever 
seen before.’^ 

I trust it will not be inferred from any of the remarks 
which I have made, that I undervalue the importance 
of physical science in the improvement of agriculture. 
On the contrary, I doubt not that, with a right appre¬ 
ciation of its objects and a true direction of its labours, it 
is destined to contribute greatly to increasing the pro¬ 
ductiveness of the soil. But such results cannot be imme¬ 
diately realized. Years of experiment must pass by, 
numerous failures must be experienced, before the real 
advantages of scientific farming will be evident.^^ It is 
sincerely to be hoped that the false expectations which 
have been, from time to time, held out- bv viMO'^ary 
men, may not have the effect of cxcitiuo ic. iht 


AND MlhlAVRir, tit’s ASSISTANT. 149 

of ngriculturists, a prejudice against all the improve^ 
nients which may hereafter be proposed. 

The chief breadstuffs of the United States are wheat, 
rye, maize, and buckwheat. Of these, the first is by far 
the most important, and it is to its history, culture, and 
chemical examination, that particular attention is now to 
be directed. 

Wheat .—Wheat is the principal breadstuff of the 
United States and of most European nations. This, as 
well as the other cereal grasses, has probably come to 
us from the East; but it has been so much chano-cd 
and improved by culture, that its connection cannot be 
satisfactorily traced to any species of the genus now 
known to be growing wild. Of all the cereals, it is that 
which refiuires most heat, and its culture first begins to 
be of importance below 60° north latitude in Europe, 
and considerably below that line on our continent. From 
the meteorological observations which have been made, 
we infer that a mean heat of at least 39° Fahrenheit is 
necessary for the growth of wheat, and that during three 
or four months. The mean summer heat must rise 
above 55° Fahrenheit. It does not, however, bear tro¬ 
pical heat well; in countries within the tropics, it first 
occurs at altitudes Avhich, in climate, correspond with 
the sub-tropical and temperate zones. 

There is a fact stated by the author just quoted which 
exhibits, in a striking manner, the advantages our coun¬ 
try must possess for raising and transporting the produce 
of this important cereal. It is, that although wdicat is 
very productive and of excellent quality in Cliili and 

1 


150 


THE AMERICAN MILLER. 


the Republic of Rio de la Plyita, and immense quantities 
are sent to Peru, and even around Cape Horn to Rio 
Janeiro, yet North American flour is sold at the market 
of Valparaiso, and the bakers are obliged to buy it, as 
it is cheaper than the flour made in the country, because 
there are no roads in the interior, and wages are exceed¬ 
ingly high from want of sufficient hands. 

There are few parts of the United States in which 
wheat may not be raised; but the productiveness of the 
crop is influenced by various circumstances, as soil, cli¬ 
mate, and expense of transport to the great commercial 
depots. These, and the more profitable cultivation of 
other articles, as tobacco, rice, cotton, and the sugar¬ 
cane, have nearly fixed the southern limit of the wheat¬ 
growing region of the United States in North Carolina. 
The particular districts, however, in which the culture 
of this cereal is most successfully prosecuted, are the 
western parts of New York and Pennsylvania, Ohio, 
and the north western States and Territories. The rich 
and virgin soil of the western prairies seems to be pecu¬ 
liarly adapted to the growth of wheat; and the great 
lines of communication which are already established 
between these and the Atlantic cities afford every faci- 
■ity for the transport of the surplus produce. 

It has been already remarked, that the profits of the 
eulture of this cereal do not depend upon the yield per 
acre, but upon the cheapness of the land and the eco¬ 
nomy practised in its management. The want of pre¬ 
cise information upon these cardinal points renders the 
statements which have been made, in regard to the pro- 


AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 


151 


<luctivencss of wheat in various parts of the world, of 
little practical value. Thus, when we arc told by Meyen 
that in Prussia the average produce of wheat is not more 
than five or six fold of the seed ; that in Hungary and 
Croatia it is from eight to ten fold; and that in some 
parts of Mexico the produce in favourable years is from 
twenty-four to thirty-five fold;—the information is of 
no use to the farmer, because the relative expenses of 
the culture and the value of the crop are not stated. 

Notwithstanding what has been said concerning the 
profitable culture of wheat in large portions of the United 
States, and the probability that the great West will here¬ 
after furnish the principal supply for export, we should 
by no means overlook those causes which exert an influ¬ 
ence upon the productiveness and quality of this grain. 
It has been ascertained without doubt that the real value 
of wheat, and of the other cereals and breadstuffs, de¬ 
pends mainly upon the proportion of gluten and albu¬ 
men which they contain—their starch, glucose, and 
dextrine, or gum, not being considered nutritive. It 
appears, also, that wheat exceeds all the other cereals 
in the quantity of nutritive matter which it yields. 
Another advantage which it possesses is, that- it fur¬ 
nishes also a greater quantity of flour; for fourteen 
pounds of wheat yield thirteen pounds of flour, wdiilo 
fourteen pounds of oats yield only eight pounds, and an 
equal quantity of barley but twelve pounds. . 

That wheat is peculiarly sensible to effects of soil and 
climate appears to bo a well-established fact. It is 
stated that even in different parts of Hngland, the crop? 


152 


THE AMEIUOAN MILLER, 


and their produce are very various. The Sicilian ainl 
southern wheat generally contains a larger proportion 
of gluten than that from more northern countries. 
This, no doubt, arises from its more rapid growth, its 
harder and tougher grain, and its less proportion of 
moisture. Hence, also, it keeps better, and commands 
a higher price in market, especially when required for 
exportation. I have reason to believe, however, that 
the superiority of southern wheat has usually been over¬ 
estimated, and that the proof almost always adduced of 
its containing more gluten than that from the north, viz. 
its employment in the manufacture of macaroni and 
vermicelli, is by no means conclusive. 

One of the most important points connected with the 
subject of wheat and wheat flour is the proportion of 
water or moisture which they contain. We have the 
high authority of Boussingault for the statement, that, 
in France, ^Mt is undoubtedly in consequence of the 
the large quantity of water which the northern wheats 
contain, that we meet with such indifferent success when 
we attempt to keep them for any length of time in our 
granaries. The wheat of Alsace, for example, fre- 
quentlycontains 16 to 20 per cent, of moisture; and I 
have ascertained by various experiments, that it is almost 
impossible to keep it without change in vessels hermeti¬ 
cally sealed. To secure its keeping, the proportion of 
water must be reduced from 8 to 10 per cent., and this 
is nearly the quantity of moisture contained in the hard 
and horny wheat of warm countries. 

In five analyses of London flours, by Mr. J. Mitchell, 


AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 153 

the proportion of water varies from 14.10 to 17.40 per 
cent. 

The proportions of water in the above samples range 
much higher than those given in the analyses of various 
flours performed by Yanquelin, which are from 8 to 12 
per cent. They are also higher than those in the United 
States flours, the range of moisture being, in the samples 
which I have analyzed, from 12 to 14 per cent. 

This diflerence in the proportion of water, which 
seems to be a matter of so much consequence, is un¬ 
doubtedly, in part, due to the diflerence in the climate 
of the region in which the wheat is grown. This, in¬ 
deed, is so well understood to be true, that the amount 
of bread obtained from diflerent kinds of wheat flour is 
referred to the same cause. Thus it has been shown, 
by a comparative experiment tried some years ago upon 
Scotch and English wheat, of apparently equal quality, 
that a quarter of the latter, though yielding rather less 
flour, yet, when made into bread, gave 13 pounds more 
than the former. This is accounted for by the greater 
strength of sunshine, under the climate of England, 
having an effect upon the grain when ripening, which 
occasions the flour to absorb more water in the forma¬ 
tion of dough.” 

From experiments which seem to be trustworthy, it 
appears that the Alabama, and the southern wheat flours 
generally, yield more bread than the northern or western. 
The gain in favour of the Alabama, as compared with 
the Cincinnati, is said to be 20 per cent. It is also 
stated, by one of the most extensive London bakcrs 4 


154 THE AMERICAN MILLER, 

that American flour will absorb 8 or 10 per cent, more 
of its own weight of water, in manufacturing it into 
bread or biscuit, than the English wheat. The English 
wheat, of the same variety with the American, is inva¬ 
riably a larger and plumper berry. This is attributed 
to the longer time required for ripening in that compa¬ 
ratively cooler and damper climate. The American, on 
the contrary, in ripening under a hot sun, evaporates a 
large proportion of water, and leaves the farina in a 
more condensed state; and when exposed again to mois¬ 
ture in cooling, it absorbs the additional quantity above 
stated. This is an important fact, of which the dealer 
and consumer should be fully aware. 

No apology is necessary for the details which will be 
presented concerning the efiect of water or moisture 
upon this cereal, as it is a subject worthy of the most 
serious consideration. Although, as has been observed, 
the proportion of water in the wheat and wheat flour of 
the United States is generally less than in those of Eng¬ 
land, France, and the north of Europe, it is often in 
sufficient quantity to cause great losses, especially when 
shipped to tropical countries. So early as the year 1814, 
attention was directed to this in a valuable series of pa¬ 
pers published by Mr. Jonas Humbert, of New York, a 
large dealer in flour, and at one time a deputy inspector 
of that article. He states, that since the Revolution, 
the price of the New York wheat flour, in the markets 
of Europe and the West Indies, had been gradually fall¬ 
ing below that of Pennsylvania and Virginia. He as¬ 
serts, as the result of his own experiments, that the New 


AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 


155 


' York flour* is equal to that obtained from wheat raises 
in any other State or country; and ho attributes the 
deterioration in the price of the former to carelessness 
on the part of those who are engaged in its preparation 
and shipment. Among the points which he enumerated 
are, a want of attention to the ventilation and proper 
drying of the grain before it is ground, the rapid and 
improper mode of grinding, re-grinding the middlings, 
and mixing therewith the portion first ground, and also 
the still more objectionable practice, perhaps still fol¬ 
lowed, of mixing old and spoiled flour with newly-ground 
wheat. 

It is stated that in Poland, where the ventilation and 
drying are continued for some time, wheat has been pre¬ 
served sound and good for half a century; its age never 
does it injury, and such wheat is said to yield handsomer 
and better flour than that obtained from the grain more 
recently harvested. In Dantzic, the preparation for 
keeping wheat continues for a year, and sometimes 

* We entirely concur with Mr. Humbert in the statement— 
New York flour being equal to that obtained from wheat raised 
in any other State; knowing, as we do, that at least one-half 
of the flour made in that State is manufactured from wheat 
grown in the western States, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Wis¬ 
consin, and Illinois; and also the want of proper attention to 
properly drying the grain before grinding, by which it might 
be cleansed from all impure substances, occasioned by expo¬ 
sure to dampness, which creates decomposition 6f the grain, 
and renders it useless for manufacturing into good flour, with¬ 
out some instantaneous remedy; and drying stops further 
decomposition.— The Author. 



156 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


long(‘r; after this period, it is often kept for seven years 
perfectly sound in the large granaries of that place, al¬ 
though surrounded by the sea. 

* In regard to American wheat and wheat flour, it may 
be remarked, that the proportion of water naturally ex¬ 
isting in them is often increased by carelessness in har¬ 
vesting the grain, and in its transport and storage. In one 
sample of Indiana wheat flour recently analyzed, which 
was sour, and had but little more than one-half the 
usual quantity of gluten, the injury was probably 
caused by the hurried mode of packing, for the changes 
above noticed occurred before the opening of summer. 
Sometimes, however, our flour is spoiled by being stored 
in damp, warm, and ill-ventilated warehouses. The 
books of one inspector of the city of New York shows 
that, in 1847, he inspected 218,679 barrels of sour and 
musty flour. He certifies that in this amount he is of 
opinion that there was a loss sustained of $250,000. 
But, as no flour that is known to be sour or bad is in¬ 
spected, this statement gives a very imperfect idea of 
the loss incurred, even in that city. The total amount 
of loss for the whole United States, arising from chemi¬ 
cal changes in breadstuffs by internal moisture, has been 
estimated at from $3,000,000 to $5,000,000. 

Some remarks upon this subject, recently published 
by Mr. Brondgeest, of Hamilton, Canada West, deserve 
to be here introduced. This gentleman has paid much 
attention to the preservation of food, both as a merchant 
and as president of the board of trade of Montreal and 
of Hamilton. He notices an article on the ‘‘ Prcscrva- 


AND millwright’s assistant. 


157 


tion of Food,” in the January number of the Westmin¬ 
ster, the author of which proposes the exclusion of air, 
by an air-pump or otherwise, as a remedy for injuries 
sustained by breadstuffs; and very justly observes that 
these extreme measures are wholly unnecessary, as ar¬ 
rangements perfectly feasible will answer the purpose, 
lie admits the necessity of something being done, as 
the present system is wasteful, and contrary, in many 
respects, to common sense; the warehousing of grain is 
defective in every point of view. The common mode 
of shipping wheat or other grain in bulks is the cause 
of injury with American grain, and, I doubt not, also 
with the European. The emptying of grain loose into 
barges not over dry; spray and moisture on the voyage 
to the shipping port; exposure to the weather while 
being shipped, damp lining boards, damp vessels, damp 
during the voyage, and then again being exposed in a 
lighter, and put away in a damp warehouse, or in a low 
situation on the bank of a river; — all tend to the de¬ 
struction even of the finest particles of grain. 

As remedies for all these injurious influences, Mr. 
Brondgeest proposes the shipment of grain in barrels, 
like flour, and the proper kiln-drying of such varieties ' 
as arc known not to keep well. The souring of flour, 
either on the river or sea voyage, or after warehousing, 
he adds, ‘‘ can be perfectly prevented by the use of the 
kiln, either to the flour, or the wheat prior to grinding 


* In all cases, the drying and extracting of moisture should 
be done before the grain is ground.— .Vutuor. 

14 



158 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


one-thinl to one-fifth of the wheat being highly dried, 
makes the whole keep perfectly for years; and that 
third or fifth may be of the cheap spring grain, making 
much stronger and better flour, but which, if not kiln- 
dried, would sour the whole/^ 

In the Report of the Commissioner of Patents, dated 
JMarch, 1844 , there are some statements of interest in 
regard to kiln-dried flour and meal. From these it 
appears, that Ohio flour, after having been subjected to 
the drying process, was kept in the southern and South 
American ports in good merchantable order, and in 
weather in which other flour not thus prepared invaria¬ 
bly spoiled. The process of drying here noticed was 
conducted by the employment of hot air; and Mr. Gill, 
who claims the invention, states that 18 pounds of water 
are thus expelled from a barrel of flour. 

There can be no doubt, therefore, that the removal 
of a portion of the water which wheat flour and maize 
meal naturally contain, is the easiest and best means 
of preserving them. But the drying process, simple as 
it may. seem, requires to be carried on with great care. 
The passage of the grain or flour, however rapidly, over 
highly-heated surfaces, is apt to scorch, and thus give 
them an unpleasant flavour. From the rapid evolution 
of the moisture, in the form of steam, by the heat thus 
applied, unless proper ventilation be also secured, fur 
ther injury will probably result. The steam, again con¬ 
densing into water upon the cooling of the flour, may 
accumulate in particular parts of the mass operated on, 
and thus, perhaps, render it at least equally as liable to 


ANP millwright’s assistant. 159 

injury it would have been without the eniployraeiit 
of this process. 

Another fact^ which I have observed in those samples 
of wheat flour that have been exposed to a degree of heat 
high enough to expel all the water, is, that the gluten is 
less tough and elastic—a proof that its quality has been 
impaired. It is probable that the proportions of dex¬ 
trine and glucose may thus also be increased at the ex¬ 
pense of the starch. Under these circumstances, a 
subsequent exposure to moisture and a slight elevation 
of temperature, establishes the lactic acid fermentation, 
which, I suppose, is the chief cause of the souring of 
flour. 

The advantages to be derived from artificial drying 
are more fully attained by the invention patented by 
Mr. J. R. Stafford, in 1847, than by any other plan 
with which I am acquainted. It is based upon the pro¬ 
cess for drying organic bodies usually adopted in the 
laboratory. The grain or flour is brought into contact 
with a surface of metal heated by steam, and a due de¬ 
gree of ventilation, so important to the completion of 
the drying, is secured. As the heat is not raised above 
that of boiling water, there is no danger of injuring the 
quality, colour, or flavour of the substances subjected 
to its action. The heat is, moreover, uniform, and the 
expense is said to be less than that of the mode of dry¬ 
ing heretofore generally adopted. By Mr. Stafford’s 
apparatus, 18 or 17 pounds of water are expelled from 
each barrel of fioc.r; this reduces the proportion of wa¬ 
ter to four or per cent., an amount too small to be 


160 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


productive of injury. Absolute dryness cannot be easily 
attained, except by a long exposure of the flour to the 
heat, and it is not required for its preservation; a re¬ 
duction of the amount of water to the small per centage 
just stated, has been found to be amply sufficient to 
secure this object. I cannot, in my opinion, render a 
more important service to dealers in breadstuff's, than to 
recommend strongly the employment of this or a simi¬ 
lar process of drying. 

After the proper ventilation and drying of the grain 
has been etfected, there is still another point deserving 
of some consideration. This is the absorptive power of 
the different kinds of flour, which I have found by ex¬ 
periment to be subject to considerable variation. The 
amount of moisture absorbed by the various samples 
which have been tried, after having been brought to a 
state of absolute dryness, ranges from 8 to 11.65 per 
cent., by an exposure to the air of a room for from 18 
to 24 hours. This difference in the hygrometic charac¬ 
ter of flours must, I think, have an influence upon their 
preservation, and will perhaps account for the fact, that 
with the same degree of carelessness and the same ex¬ 
posure, some kinds are more liable to spoil than others. 
The remedies for all the difficulties to be apprehended 
from this source, are the employment of tight barrels, 
and the avoidance of all unnecessary exposure of their 
contents to the air. 

Some remarks may be added, more definitely to ex¬ 
plain the various modes in which flour, especially, is 
injured by the presence of an undue proportion of water, 


AND MILLWlllCIIT'S ASSISTANT. IGl 

under the influence of a warm climate. The general 
result is a diminution in the quantity of gluten, or such 
a change in its quality as renders it unfit to produce 
good panification. It sometimes also favours the forma¬ 
tion of sporules of different kinds of mu.shrooms, which 
ure afterwards developed in the bread. 

Dumas states, that the wheat of 1841 exhibited, in 
1842, during a very warm summer, this defect in a very 
great degree. When these mushrooms were develojied, 
the temperature was much elevated, and the bread soon 
disappeared, leaving only a reddish and disgusting mass. 

The number of sporules was much diminished by the 
thorough washing of the infected grain, followed by 
prompt desiccation. By reducing the proportion of 
water, increasing the dose of salt, and finally by raising 
the temperature of the oven, the development was in a 
measure prevented. 

A few years since, I observed reddish .sporules, similar 
to those above noticed, in a sample of New Jersey flour. 
The change took place in twenty-four hours after it had 
been made into paste with water. On repeating the 
experiment, the same result followed. 

According to Dumas, moisture and heat, which often 
cause such changes in the most important constituent 
of wheat flour, produce very little effect upon the starch 
which it contains. Although it is with some hesitation 
that I dissent from such high autliority, the following 
facts appear to me to show that this idea is an incor¬ 
rect one :— 

Starch is known to be compo.sed of particles which 

14 * 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


]G2 

are insoluble in cold water; but wliou exposed to a heat 
of 180° F., the pellicle of the grain bursts, and the 
contents are liberated. In a state of solution, it is 
quickly converted into dextrine and glucose, or grape- 
sugar, by the addition of a small quantity of diastase.* 
If this mixture be kept in a warm place for a few days, 
it acquires a new property, viz., that of converting the 
glucose into lactic acid. This is denominated the lactic 
acid fermentation; and, as I have before suggested, it 
is probably one of the causes of the souring of flour, 
when exposed to high summer heats in its ordinary 
moist condition. Hence, it will be found that, while 
in sour flour the quantity of gluten is usually dimin¬ 
ished, or its quantity injured, the proportions of glucose 
and dextrine are also, in many cases, increased at the 
expense of the starch—a change which precedes the de¬ 
velopment of the lactic fluid. 

One of the best modes of determining the real value 
of wheat and other flours, is to examine the bread made 
from them. The process of panification brings out all 
their defects; and as the researches upon breadstuflfs 
are conducted chiefly with the view of ascertaining their 
suitableness for the manufacture of bread, it affords a 
good standard of comparison for the various samples 
subjected to experiment. It should be remembered, 
however, that bread is sometimes adulterated for the 
very purpose of enabling those who arc engaged in its 


* This is a peculiar nitrogenous principle, which exists in 
the grain of the cereals after genuination commences. 




AND millwright’s assistant. ]()3 

fahrioation to use the poorer kinds of flour. Thus, 
Dumas states that in Belgium and the north of France, 
sulphate of copper (blue vitriol) has long been intro¬ 
duced into the manufacture of bread. By the employ¬ 
ment of this salt, the bakers can use flour of middling 
and mixed quality; less labour is required in its prepa¬ 
ration, the panification is more speedy, and by its addi¬ 
tion a larger quantity of water is taken up. 

The use of alum, in the fabrication of bread, seems 
to have been practised from a remote period. This, it 
is said, also secures to the baker the advantage of em¬ 
ploying inferior kinds of wheat flour, and even of mix¬ 
ing with the farina of beans and peas, without appa¬ 
rently injuring the quality of the bread. 

The alkaline carbonates, the carbonate of magnesia, 
chalk, pipe-clay, and plaster of Paris, have all been used 
either to correct the acidity of damaged flour, to pre¬ 
serve the moisture, or to increase the weight and white¬ 
ness of the bread. But it need scarcely be observed, 
that all these substances, with perhaps the exception of 
small additions of the alkaline carbonates, must render 
the bread unwholesome. Fortunately, however, the 
presence of most of them can be quite easily detected. 

Other frauds which have been resorted to, are more 
difficult of detection; but these are, happily, less preju¬ 
dicial to health, although not always perfectly harmless. 
Among these may be mentioned the adulteration of 
wheat flour with potato starch, the flour of leguminous 
plants, buckwheat, rice, linseed, &c. Mareska, in a re¬ 
cent paper, states that he has had occasion to examine 


104 


THE AMERICAN MILEER, 


several samples in which these frauds had been prac 
tised, and he describes several processes by which their 
occurrence may be ascertained. 

According to a statement made by a quarter-master in 
the United States army, one barrel of flour, or 196 lbs., 
whoii in dough, contains about 11 gallons, or 90 pounds 
of water, 2 gallons of yeast, and 3 pounds of salt,— 
making a mass of 305 pounds, which evaporates in 
kneading and baking about 40 pounds, leaving in bread 
about 265 pounds; the bread thus exceeded in weight 
the flour employed, by about 33.50 per cent. 

Dumas informs us, that 130 pounds of the common 
white bread of Paris are obtained from 100 pounds of 
flour. To this he adds, that the flour contains 17 per 
cent, of water, the produce being then equivalent to 
150 pounds of bread from 100 pounds of flour. As 
the American wheat seldom contains more than 14 per 
cent, of water, the statement of the quarter-master cor¬ 
responds very nearly with that of the French chemists. 
The increase of weight in the bread over that of the 
flour, viz., 33.50 per cent., ought to afford an ample 
remuneration for its manufacture. But it is not unfre- 
quently the case, that larger demands are made by those 
who are engaged in this important branch of art. 

The deficiency in the weight of bread, and the extent 
of the imposition practiced in the sale of loaves at a cer¬ 
tain price, can, in general, be very easily ascertained. 
For example, the proper weight of' the shilling loaf 
(New York currency) may be determined by reducing 
the price of flour to shillings, and then dividing 196 by 


AND millwright’s ASSISTANT, 


165 


this amount. Thus, the price of flour being $7 a bar¬ 
rel, (which is a sufficiently high average for even the best 
brands during the year past,) the shilling loaf should 
weigh three and a half pounds. For, 

7 times 8^56; 196-f-56=3.50. 

This will leave twenty loaves of the same weight, or 
$2.50 as the profit on the manufacture. 

Although the whiteness of bread is considered as a 
mark of its goodness, it has been ascertained by Profes¬ 
sor Johnston, that fine flour contains a less proportion 
of nutritive matter than the whole meal. The correct¬ 
ness of this view has been confirmed during present 
investigation; for in two or three samples of wheat 
which I have analyzed, it was found that the amount of 
gluten in the fine flour was less than in the flour passed 
through a coarser stive and containing a larger propor¬ 
tion of bran. 

These results, according to Professor Johnston, are 
to be accounted for on the supposition that the part of 
the grain which is most abundant in starch crushes 
better and more easily under the millstones than that 
which, being richest in gluten, is probably also tougher, 
and less brittle. They are also consistent with the 
greater nourishment generally supposed to reside in 
household-bread, made from the flour of the whole grain. 
Put such is the controlling influence of custom, that 
it is perhaps in vain to attempt a change even though 
its benefits may be clearly proved by the of 

science, and by an extensive experience. 


IGG 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


Analyses of Wieat Flour. 

Before presenting the details of my analyses, it may 
not be amiss to offer a few explanations in regard to some 
researches of a similar kind, which have heretofore been 
made. The discrepancies in the published results of 
various analyses arise principally, I apprehend, from the 
different processes which have been employed. 

The table published in Davy’s Agricultural Chemistry 
gives the proportions of gluten or albumen in English 
Middlesex wheat at 19.00 per cent.; in Sicilian wheat, 
23.90 percent.; in Poland wheat, 20.00 percent.; and in 
North American wheat, 22.50. The mode pursued by 
this celebrated chemist has not, so far as I know, been 
published, but the amount of nutritive principle is 
larger than that usually obtained; a circumstance which 
may, perhaps, be ascribed to its being imperfectly dried. 

In the table containing the results of Vanquelin’s 
analysis of wheat flours, the proportions of gluten are 
generally much lower than those obtained by Davy. 
Thus, in common French flour, the gluten is 10.9G per 
cent.; flour of hard Odessa wheat, 14.53 per cent.; flour 
from the bakers of Paris, 10.20 per cent. 

Boussingault, adopting the plan of determining the 
amount of azotized principles by immediate ultimate 
analysis, has obtained a larger per centage of the nu¬ 
tritive principle than either of the above-named chem¬ 
ists. Thus, he states that the hard African wheat con¬ 
tains of gluten and albumen, 26.50 per cent.; Sicilian 
wheat, 24.30 per cent.; Dantzic wheat, 22.70 per cent. 


AND millwright's ASSISTANT. 


1G7 


lie gives reasons, which, to a certain extent, account for 
the larger quantity of azotized principles which he found 
in the samples,of flour, and adds, “that the varieties of 
w heat, the flour of which was analyzed, were all grown 
in the rich soil of the garden, a circumstance which, as 
liermbstadt has shown, exerts the most powerful influ¬ 
ence in increasing the quantity of gluten in wheat.’' 

Dr. llobert D. Thomson has also published the re¬ 
sults of several analyses of wheat flour. The proportion 
of the nutritive principle was deduced from the quantity 
of ammonia formed from the azote contained in the 
sample. According to this chemist, Canada flour contains 
13.81 per cent, of the nutritive principle, (gluten and 
albumen;) Lothian flour, 12.30 percent.; United States 
flour, 11.37 per cent., and another sample of the same, 
10.99 per cent. 

It is not easy to understand why Canadian flour should 
rank so much higher than that from the United States. 
The sample named Canadian flour in the table may have 
been, in fact, brought from this side of the line, for it 
is stated that our wheat is carried to Canada, there 
ground into flour, and taken to England under Canadian 
duty. One house at Cleveland is said to have shipped, 
during the last summer and fall, 36,000 bushels of 
wheat, which was ground at St. Catharine’s, on the 
Welland Canal, and sent to London under contract. 

Mr. Mitchell, in his analyses of various London flours, 
obtained the following proportion of gluten, viz. ; in 
flue flour, No. 1, 9.50 per cent.; in No. 2, 11.40 per 

/ 


168 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


ocnt.; in second flour, No. 1, 8.50 per cent.; in No. 2, 
7.70 per cent. 

After mature consideration, I determined to adopt the 
mode of analysis which shortly consists in separating 
the gluten by washing with cold water, and then sub 
jecting the remaining constituents of the flour to other 
operations. "'I preferred this process, as being more 
easily executed, requiring less apparatus, and less skill 
and nicety of manipulation, than are demanded in the 
ultimate analysis. I have little doubt, moreover, that, 
for the practical purposes of this investigation, it is 
equally, if not more accurate; for, with all the improve¬ 
ments which have been made in the method of deter¬ 
mining the amount of nitrogen in organic substances, it 
is not yet free from difficulties. I may also add, that 
the ultimate analysis fails to give us any information 
concerning the peculiar nature of the gluten—a point 
which is, perhaps, of as much consequence in settling 
the real value of flour, as the amount of that principle. 

The different steps of the analyses have, in all cases, 
been conducted with as much uniformity as possible; 
one important object being to furnish a table of results 
which should, at least, show the relative value of the 
different samples subjected to trial. 

All the samples from abroad were received in tin 
boxes or glass bottles, carefully closed so as to prevent 
the access of external air. Thus, whether damaged or 
not, they were probably in nearly the same condition, 
when they came into my hands, as they were when 
put up. 


AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 169 

In proceeding with the analysis, 100 grains of the 
flour were put into a small Berlin-ware capsule, which 
had been previously counterpoised in a delicate balance. 

The capsule, with its contents, was then placed in a 
water-bath drying oven, and subjected to a heat of about 
212° Fahrenheit for from three to six or seven hours, 
or until, after rapid weighing, there was found to be no 
farther diminution of weight. The proportion of water 
in the sample was thus determined by the weight re¬ 
quired again to balance the capsule and its contents. 

A weighed portion of the flour, usually 100 grains, 
was next carefully kneaded into stiff paste or dough, by 
the cautious addition of pure water, and the dough thus 
formed allowed to remain in the cup for a few minutes. 
A fine linen cloth was stretched over the top of a bolt¬ 
ing-cloth sieve, and this again placed in a large Berlin- 
ware dish, The dough was now washed on the hand, 
over the sieve and cloth, with a small stream of water, 
and gently kneaded, from time to time, until all the 
starchy particles and the soluble matters were removed. 
The tough gluten was washed until the water ceased to 
become milky, and, after being carefully pressed out by 
the fingers, was subjected to the heat of a water-bath 
until perfectly dry; an operation which sometimes occu¬ 
pied 10 or 12 hours. It was then weighed warm, and 
the amount noted. 

A sufficient quantity of water was now poured upon 
the linen cloth to carry down the starch, while any small 
particles of gluten, washed off during the operation, 
were added to the mass. In those cases where the fiour 

15 


170 THE AMERICAN MILLER, 

contained any considerable proportion of bran, the lattei 
substance was found upon the linen cloth. 

The turbid washings were allowed to remain in the 
vessel, until the whole of the starch was deposited. The 
supernatant liquor was then removed by a pipette, the 
starch again washed, and the wash-water removed as 
before. The starch was now dried, subjected to the heat 
of the water-bath to expel all the water, and then quickly 
weighed. The clear liquor, removed from the starch, 
was evaporated at a boiling heat to near dryness, the 
complete desiccation being etfccted at a temperature of 
220° or 230° Fahrenheit. In some cases a few flocks, 
probably albumen, were observed floating in the liquid 
during the evaporation, but the quantity was usually so 
small, that I did not attempt to separate it. The re¬ 
siduum thus obtained was principally a mixture of sweet 
and gummy matter, with a small proportion of woody 
fibre and saline substances. As I ascertained that the 
sugar was the variety called glucose, or grape-sugar, and 
the gummy constituent was supposed to be dextrine, 1 
have placed all the results of the evaporation of the 
clear liquor under these two heads. 

I may remark, that the gluten obtained by this pro¬ 
cess contains a small quantity of an oily matter, which 
I supposed to be about equal to that of the albumen in 
the clear solution separated from the starch. The pro¬ 
portions of gluten given in the following analyses will, 
therefore, very nearly represent the amount of nutritive 
matters contained in the various samples. 

In most cases, I carried out the analysis to the end. 


AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 171 

obtaining and weighing the several substances; but as 
the principal object was to determine the quantity and 
quality of gluten, the process was occasionally stopped 
at this point. In a few other instances, the proportion 
of gluten, glucose, and dextrine were determined di 
rectly, while the quantity of starch was estimated by 
difference. 

For convenience of reference, the analyses are ar¬ 
ranged under the head of the several States from whence 
the specimens were obtained. I regret that the number 
received from the South is so small, as I was very anxious 
to exhibit, in one view, the relative quantities of nutritive 
matter in the northern and southern flours. Should 
the investigation be continued, this point will claim my 
earliest attention. 

Several varieties of wheat sent from Amsterdam 
have been analyzed, (after being ground to fine flour,) 
principally for the purpose of comparing the results 
with those obtained from the samples from the United 
States. 


172 THE AMERICAN MILLER, 

RESULTS OF THE ANALYSES, 

Beginning with the States separatelyy where the various 
Samples of Wheat were grown and manufactured. 

NEW JERSEY. 

Water. 12.75 

Gluten. 10.90 

Starch. 70.20 

Glucose, dextrine, &c. 6.15 

100.00 

NEW YORK. 

The Analysis from pure Genesee Wheat, 

Water. 13.35 

Gluten. 12.82 

Starch. 68.00 

Glucose, dextrine, &c. 6.50 

100.67 

OHIO. 

Wheat Flour from Beaumont IIollingswortKs MilUy 

Zanesville. 

Water. 12.85 

Gluten. 14.25 

Starch. 67.06 

Glucose, dextrine, &c. 5.98 


100.14 



















AND MILLWRirjIIT’s ASSISTANT. 


173 


INDIANA. 

^ heat Flour from Forrest’s Millsj Logaiisport. 


Water. 12.85 

Gluten. 11.90 

Starch. 67.00 

Glucose, dextrine, &c. 8.25 


100.00 


ILLINOIS. 

The Wheat floured in Osiacyo. 


Water. 12.90 

Gluten. 11.25 

Starch. 66.00 * 

Glucose, dextrine, &c. 8.60 

Bran. 1.25 


100.00 

Phis sample is said to be of a dark colour, and scarcely 
6t to pass inspection; but the gluten being rich, the 
chemist pronounced it, in proportion, as above the ave- 
roge of western samples. 

MICHIGAN. 

Wheat Flour from Bruce Mills. 


Water. 13.20 

Gluten. 11.85 

Starch. 65.60 

Glucose, dextrine, &c. 8.60 

Bran. .45 

99.70 


16* 






















174 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


Wheat Flour from Monroe^ Mkhujan. 


Water. 13.10 

Gluten. 10.40 

Starch, glucose, dextrine. 76.30 

Bran.20 


100.00 

[This I consider about the average of wheat grown in 
the State of Michigan, of all samples, except Mediterra¬ 
nean wheat, which appears to exceed all others in supe¬ 
rior richness of glutinous substance, generally weighing 
from 62 lbs. to 67 lbs. per measured bushel, and en¬ 
tirely resembling the sample of Russian wheat called 
Kubanka, and imported by Russia from the Mediterra¬ 
nean. It grows well in Michigan, but is not much liked 
by our merchant millers, from the fact of its possessing 
less starch than other samples of wheat; and in perspec¬ 
tive view, the flour does not show that white and delicate 
appearance that Michigan flour is so noted for. But in 
the loaf, it is very superior—the bread being very rich 
and moist, from the greater quantity of gluten and less 
quantity of water than in other samples. 

Analyus of Mediterranean Wheat, grown in Michigan. 


Water. 11.54 

Gluten. 16.24 

Starch. 56.90 

Glucose, dextrine, &c. 10.24 

Brim. 5.08 


100.00 















AND MILTAVRTGIIT’s ASSISTANT. 


175 


Its berry is in colour a dark-reddish cast, and very 
large in size and of great length; for family flour, it is 
superior to any other. It is also of a very hard nature, 
and requires to be ground very closely and passed 


through a very fine bolt. The Author.] 

WISCONSIN. 

Flour from Wisconsin Wheatj manufactured, there. 

Water.13.80 

Gluten.10.85 

Starch.67.00 

Glucose and dextrine. 8.83 


99.98 


GEORGIA. 

Wheat from Floyd County, Georgia. 


Water. 11.75 

Gluten. 14.36 

Starch. 68.93 

Glucose and dextrine. 4.96 


100.00 

[The advantages to be derived from this able and sci¬ 
entific analysis are of the utmost importance to the 
miller and all dealers in breadstufis, and show, at a 
glance, the component substances, as well as the physi¬ 
cal nature, of this great staple of domestic consumption, 
wheat flour, not inappropriately called the staff of 
life.’^ 














17G 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


From tlic quantity of water which we arc shown it 
contains, we must conclude on the necessity there is for 
extracting it from the grain, for its preservation. The 
use of the kiln for drying all kinds of grain before 
ground cannot be too highly recommended, both for 
the preservation of the flour or meal, as well as a pre¬ 
ventive from insects called weevil, which abound in all 
warm climates. 

Tue Author.] 


A TABLE RECKONING THE PRICE OF WHEAT, FROM 
FIFTY CENTS TO ONE DOLLAR PER BUSHEL. 

For the convenience of millers, we subjoin the follow¬ 
ing tables. The price will be found at the top of the 
page and in the columns headed value of bushels’^ and 
^Walue of pounds;” and directly opposite the number of 
bushels and pounds in the left-hand column will be 
found the value, in dollars, cents, and mills, of 1 bushel 
or 1 pound to 100 bushels or 100 pounds. 



I 


AND millwright’s ASSISTANT 177 


No. bushels 
& pounds. 

Wheat at 50 cts. 
per bushel. 

Wheat at 51 cts. 
per bushel. 

Wheat at 52 cts. 
per bushel. 

Wheat at 53 cte. 
per bushel. 

Value 

bush. 

Value 

lbs. 

Value 

bush. 

Value 

lbs. 

Value 

bush. 

Value 

lbs. 

Value 

bush. 

Value 

lbs. 


$ 

cts. 

cts. 

m. 


cts. 

cts. 

tu. 

$ 

cts. 

cts. 

m. 


cts. 

cts. 

m. 

1 


50 


8 


51 


9 


52 


9 


53 


9 

2 

1 

00 

1 

7 

1 

02 

1 

7 

1 

04 

1 

7 

1 

06 

1 

8 

3 

1 

50 

2 

5 

1 

53 

2 

6 

1 

56 

2 

6 

1 

59 

2 

7 

4 

2 

00 

3 

3 

2 

04 

3 

4 

2 

08 

3 

5 

2 

12 

3 

5 

5 

2 

50 

4 

2 

2 

55 

4 

3 

2 

60 

4 

3 

2 

65 

4 

4 

6 

3 

00 

5 

0 

3 

06 

5 

1 

3 

12 

5 

2 

3 

18 

5 

3 

7 

3 

50 

5 

8 

3 

57 

6 

0 

3 

64 

6 

1 

3 

71 

6 

2 

8 

4 

00 

6 

7 

4 

08 

6 

8 

4 

16 

6 

9 

4 

24 

7 

1 

9 

4 

50 

7 

5 

4 

59 

7 

7 

4 

68 

7 

8 

4 

77 

8 

0 

10 

5 

00 

8 

3 

5 

10 

8 

5 

5 

20 

8 

6 

5 

30 

8 

8 

11 

5 

50 

9 

2 

5 

61 

9 

4 

5 

72 

9 

5 

5 

83 

9 

7 

12 

6 

00 

10 

0 

6 

12 

10 

2 

6 

24 

10 

4 

6 

36 

10 

6 

13 

6 

50 

10 

8 

6 

63 

11 

1 

6 

76 

11 

3 

6 

89 

11 

5 

14 

7 

00 

11 

7 

7 

14 

11 

9 

i 

28 

12 

1 

7 

42 

12 

4 

15 

7 

50 

12 

5 

7 

65 

12 

8 

7 

80 

13 

0 

7 

95 

13 

3 

16 

8 

00 

13 

3 

8 

16 

13 

6 

8 

32 

13 

9 

8 

48 

14 

1 

17 

8 

50 

14 

2 

8 

67 

14 

5 

8 

84 

14 

7 

9 

01 

15 

0 

18 

9 

00 

15 

0 

9 

18 

15 

3 

9 

36 

15 

6 

9 

54 

15 

9 

19 

9 

50 

15 

8 

9 

69 

16 

2 

9 

88 

16 

5 

10 

07 

16 

8 

20 

10 

00 

16 

7 

10 

20 

17 

0 

10 

40 

17 

3 

10 

60 

17 

7 

21 

10 

50 

17 

5 

10 

71 

17 

9 

10 

92 

18 

2 

11 

13 

18 

6 

22 

11 

00 

18 

3 

11 

22 

18 

7 

11 

44 

19 

1 

11 

66 

19 

4 

23 

11 

50 

19 

2 

11 

73 

19 

6 

11 

96 

19 

9 

12 

19 

20 

3 

24 

12 

00 

20 

0 

12 

24 

20 

4 

12 

48 

20 

8 

12 

72 

21 

2 

25 

12 

50 

20 

8 

12 

75 

21 

3 

13 

00 

21 

7 

13 

25 

22 

1 

26 

13 

00 

21 

7 

13 

26 

22 

1 

13 

52 

22 

5 

13 

78 

23 

0 

27 

13 

50 

22 

5 

13 

77 

23 

0 

14 

04 

23 

4 

14 

31 

23 

9 

28 

14 

00 

23 

3 

14 

28 

23 

8 

14 

56 

24 

3 

14 

84 

24 

7 

29 

14 

50 

24 

2 

14 

79 

24 

7 

15 

08 

25 

1 

15 

37 

25 

6 

30 

15 

00 

25 

0 

15 

30 

25 

5 

15 

60 

26 

0 

15 

90 

26 

6 

40 

20 

00 

33 

3 

20 

40 

34 

0 

20 

80 

34 

7 

21 

20 

35 

3 

50 

25 

00 

41 

7 

25 

50 

42 

5 

26 

00 

43 

4 

26 

50 

44 

2 

JOO 

50 

00 

83 

4 

51 

00 

85 

0 

52 

00 

86 

6 

53 

00 

88 

4 


X 
































t 


178 THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


% 


No bushels 
& pounds. 

Wheat at 54cts. 
per bushel. 

Wheat at 55 cts. 
per bushel. 

Wheat at 56 cts. 
per bushel. 

W’heat at 57 (ts. 
per bushel. 

Value 

bush. 

Value 

lbs. 

Value 

bush. 

V alue 
lbs. 

Value 

bush. 

Value 

lbs. 

Value 

bush. 

Value 

lbs. 


$ 

cts. 

cts. 

m. 

« 

cts. 

cts. 

m. 

« 

cts. 

cts. 

m. 


cts 

cts. 

m. 

1 


54 


9 


55 


9 


56 


9 


57 

1 

0 

2 

1 

08 

1 

8 

1 

10 

1 

8 

1 

12 

1 

9 

1 

14 

1 

9 

3 

1 

62 

2 

7 

1 

65 

2 

•8 

1 

69 

2 

8 

1 

71 

2 

9 

4 

2 

16 

3 

6 

2 

20 

3 

7 

2 

25 

3 

7 

2 

28 

3 

8 

5 

2 

70 

4 

5 

2 

75 

4 

6 

2 

81 

4 

7 

2 

85 

4 

8 

6 

3 

24 

5 

4 

3 

30 

5 

5 

3 

37 

5 

6 

3 

42 

5 

7 

7 

3 

78 

6 

3 

3 

85 

6 

4 

3 

94 

6 

6 

3 

99 

6 

7 

8 

4 

32 

7 

2 

4 

40 

7 

3 

4 

50 

7 

5 

4 

56 

7 

6 

9 

4 

86 

8 

1 

4 

95 

8 

3 

5 

06 

8 

4 

5 

13 

8 

6 

10 

5 

40 

9 

0 

5 

50 

9 

2 

5 

62 

9 

4 

5 

70 

9 

5 

11 

5 

94 

9 

9 

6 

05 

10 

1 

6 

19 

10 

3 

6 

27 

10 

5 

12 

6 

48 

10 

8 

6 

60 

11 

0 

6 

75 

11 

2 

6 

84 

11 

4 

13 

7 

02 

11 

7 

7 

15 

11 

9 

7 

31 

12 

2 

7 

41 

12 

4 

14 

7 

56 

12 

6 

7 

70 

12 

9 

7 

87 

13 

1 

7 

98 

13 

3 

15 

8 

10 

13 

5 

8 

25 

13 

8 

8 

44 

14 

1 

8 

55 

14 

3 

16 

8 

64 

14 

4 

8 

80 

14 

7 

9 

00 

15 

0 

9 

12 

15 

2 

17 

9 

18 

15 

3 

9 

35 

15 

6 

9 

56 

15 

9 

9 

69 

16 

2 

18 

9 

72 

16 

2 

9 

90 

16 

5 

10 

12 

16 

9 

10 

26 

17 

1 

19 

10 

26 

17 

1 

10 

45 

17 

4 

10 

69 

17 

8 

10 

83 

18 

1 

20 

10 

80 

18 

0 

11 

00 

18 

3 

11 

25 

18 

7 

11 

40 

19 

0 

21 

11 

34 

18 

9 

11 

55 

19 

3 

11 

81 

19 

7 

11 

97 

20 

0 

22 

11 

88 

19 

8 

12 

10 

20 

2 

12 

37 

20 

6 

12 

54 

20 

9 

23 

12 

42 

20 

7 

12 

65 

21 

1 

12 

94 

21 

6 

13 

11 

21 

9 

24 

12 

96 

21 

6 

13 

20 

22 

0 

13 

50 

22 

5 

13 

68 

22 

8 

25 

13 

50 

22 

5 

13 

75 

22 

9 

14 

06 

23 

4 

14 

25 

23 

8 

26 

14 

04 

23 

4 

14 

30 

23 

8 

14 

62 

24 

4 

14 

82 

24 

7 

27 

14 

58 

24 

3 

14 

85 

24 

8 

15 

19 

25 

3 

15 

39 

25 

7 

28 

15 

12 

25 

2 

15 

40 

25 

7 

15 

75 

26 

2 

15 

96 

26 

6 

29 

15 

66 

26 

1 

15 

95 

26 

6 

16 

31 

27 

2 

16 

53 

27 

6 

30 

16 

20 

27 

0 

16 

50 

27 

5 

16 

87 

28 

1 

17 

10 

28 

5 

40 

21 

60 

36 

0 

22 

00 

36 

7 

22 

50 

37 

5 

22 

80 

38 

0 

50 

27 

00 

45 

0 

27 

50 

45 

8 

28 

12 

46 

9 

28 

50 

47 

5 

100 

54 

00 

90 

0 

55 

00 

91 

7 

56 

24 

93 

8 

57 

00 

95 

0 






































n 

r ® 

= a 

3 3 

^ a. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

40 

50 


AND millwright's ASSISTANT. 179 


Wheat at 58 cts. 
per bushel. 

Wheat at 59 cts. 
per bushel. 

Value 

bush. 

Value 

lbs. 

Value 

bush. 

Value 

lbs. 

$ 

cts. 

cts. 

m. 


cts. 

cts. m. 


58 

1 

0 


59 

1 

0 

1 

16 

1 

9 

1 

18 

2 

0 

1 

74 

2 

9 

1 

77 

3 

0 

2 

32 

3 

9 

2 

36 

4 

0 

2 

90 

4 

8 

2 

95 

4 

9 

3 

48 

5 

8 

3 

54 

5 

9 

4 

06 

6 

8 

4 

13 

6 

9 

4 

64 

7 

7 

4 

72 

7 

9 

5 

22 

8 

7 

5 

31 

8 

9 

5 

80 

9 

7 

5 

90 

9 

9 

6 

38 

10 

6 

6 

49 

10 

8 

6 

96 

11 

6 

7 

08 

11 

8 

7 

54 

12 

6 

7 

67 

12 

8 

8 

12 

13 

5 

8 

26 

13 

8 

8 

70 

14 

5 

8 

85 

14 

8 

9 

28 

15 

5 

9 

44 

15 

8 

9 

86 

16 

4 

10 

03 

16 

/ 

10 

44 

17 

4 

10 

62 

17 

7 

11 

02 

18 

4 

11 

21 

18 

7 

11 

60 

19 

3 

11 

80 

19 

7 

12 

18 

20 

3 

12 

39 

20 

7 

12 

76 

21 

3 

12 

98 

21 

6 

13 

34 

22 

2 

13 

57 

22 

6 

13 

92 

23 

2 

14 

16 

23 

6 

14 

50 

24 

2 

14 

75 

24 

6 

15 

08 

25 

1 

15 

34 

25 

6 

15 

66 

26 

1 

15 

93 

26 

5 

16 

24 

27 

1 

16 

52 

27 

5 

16 

82 

28 

0 

17 

11 

28 

5 

17 

40 

29 

0 

17 

70 

29 

5 

23 

20 

38 

7 

23 

60 

39 

3 

29 

00 

48 

3 

29 

50 

49 

o 

sa 

58 

00 

96 

6 

59 

00 

98 

o 

O 


Wheat at 60 cts. 
per bushel. 

Wheat at 61 cts. 
per bushel 

Value 

bush. 

Value 

lbs. 

Value 

bush. 

Value 

lbs. 


cts. 

cts. 

m. 


cts. 

cts. 

in. 


60 

1 

0 


61 

1 

0 

1 

20 

2 

0 

1 

22 

2 

0 

1 

80 

3 

0 

1 

83 

3 

0 

2 

40 

4 

0 

2 

44 

4 

1 

3 

00 

5 

0 

3 

05 

5 

1 

3 

60 

6 

0 

3 

66 

6 

1 

4 

20 

7 

0 

4 

27 

7 

1 

4 

80 

8 

0 

4 

88 

8 

1 

5 

40 

9 

0 

5 

49 

9 

1 

6 

00 

10 

0 

6 

10 

10 

1 

6 

60 

11 

0 

6 

71 

11 

2 

7 

20 

12 

0 

7 

32 

12 

2 

7 

80 

13 

0 

7 

93 

13 

2 

8 

40 

14 

0 

8 

54 

14 

2 

9 

00 

15 

0 

9 

15 

15 

2 

9 

60 

16 

0 

9 

76 

16 

3 

10 

20 

17 

0 

10 

37 

17 

O 

fj 

10 

80 

18 

0 

10 

98 

18 

3 

11 

40 

19 

0 

11 

59 

19 

3 

12 

DO 

20 

0 

12 

20 

20 

3 

12 

60 

21 

0 

12 

81 

21 

3 

13 

20 

22 

0 

13 

42 

22 

4 

13 

80 

23 

0 

14 

03 

23 

4 

14 

40 

24 

0 

14 

64 

24 

4 

15 

00 

25 

0 

15 

25 

25 

4 

15 

60 

26 

0 

15 

86 

26 

4 

16 

20 

27 

0 

16 

47 

27 

4 

16 

80 

28 

0 

17 

08 

28 

5 

17 

40 

29 

0 

17 

69 

29 

5 

18 

00 

30 

0 

18 

30 

30 

5 

24 

00 

40 

0 

24 

40 

40 

7 

80 

00 

50 

0 

30 

50 

50 

8 

60 

00 

100 

0 

61 

00 

101 

6 






























kt»-cokotObObObOisototoiofcoi-ii-ii-i)-ii_*i_.i_»h-i)-i^ bushfls 

OOC 0 Q 0 •<l 0 iC^rf^ 00 ^ 0 ^—>OO 00 •<ICJCT^fi■C 0 ^ 0 l—‘OCDOO->4CiC;t^^CO^C^—* I * pounds. 


180 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


Wheat at 62 cts. 
per bushel. 

Wheat at 64 cts. 
per bushel. 

Wheat at 65 cts. 
per bushel. 

W’heat at 66 cts. 
per bushel. 

Value 

bush. 

Value 

lbs. 

Value 

bush. 

Value 

lbs. 

Value 

bush. 

Value 

lbs. 

Value 

bush. 

Value 

lbs. 

$ 

cts. 

cts. 

m. 


cts. 

cts. 

m. 

$ 

cts. 

cts. 

m. 

» 

cts. 

cts. 

m. 


62 

1 

0 


64 

1 

1 


65 

1 

1 


66 

1 

1 

1 

25 

2 

1 

1 

28 

2 

1 

1 

30 

2 

2 

1 

32 

2 

2 

1 

87 

3 

1 

1 

92 

3 

2 

1 

95 

3 

2 

1 

98 

3 

3 

2 

50 

4 

2 

2 

56 

4 

2 

2 

60 

4 

3 

2 

64 

4 

4 

3 

12 

5 

2 

3 

20 

5 

3 

3 

25 

5 

4 

3 

30 

5 

5 

3 

75 

6 

2 

3 

84 

6 

4 

3 

90 

6 

5 

3 

96 

6 

6 

4 

37 

7 

3 

4 

48 

7 

4 

4 

55 

7 

6 

4 

62 

7 

7 

6 

00 

8 

3 

5 

12 

8 

5 

5 

20 

8 

7 

5 

28 

8 

8 

6 

62 

9 

4 

5 

76 

9 

6 

5 

85 

9 

8 

5 

94 

9 

9 

6 

25 

10 

4 

6 

40 

10 

7 

6 

50 

10 

8 

6 

60 

11 

0 

6 

87 

11 

5 

7 

04 

11 

7 

7 

15 

11 

9 

7 

26 

12 

1 

7 

50 

12 

5 

7 

68 

12 

8 

7 

80 

13 

0 

7 

92 

13 

2 

8 

12 

13 

5 

8 

32 

13 

9 

8 

45 

14 

1 

8 

58 

14 

3 

8 

75 

14 

6 

8 

96 

14 

9 

9 

10 

15 

2 

9 

24 

15 

4 

9 

37 

15 

6 

9 

60 

16 

0 

9 

75 

16 

3 

9 

90 

16 

5 

10 

00 

16 

6 

10 

24 

17 

0 

10 

40 

17 

3 

10 

56 

17 

6 

10 

62 

17 

7 

10 

88 

18 

1 

11 

05 

18 

4 

11 

22 

18 

7 

11 

25 

18 

7 

11 

52 

19 

2 

11 

70 

19 

5 

11 

88 

19 

8 

11 

87 

19 

8 

12 

16 

20 

3 

12 

35 

20 

6 

12 

54 

20 

9 

12 

50 

20 

8 

12 

80 

21 

3 

13 

00 

21 

7 

13 

20 

22 

0 

13 

12 

21 

9 

13 

44 

22 

4 

13 

65 

22 

7 

13 

86 

23 

1 

13 

75 

22 

9 

14 

08 

23 

4 

14 

30 

23 

9 

14 

52 

24 

2 

14 

37 

24 

0 

14 

72 

24 

5 

14 

95 

24 

9 

15 

18 

25 

3 

15 

00 

25 

0 

15 

36 

25 

6 

15 

60 

26 

0 

15 

84 

26 

4 

15 

62 

26 

0 

16 

00 

26 

6 

16 

25 

27 

1 

16 

50 

27 

5 

16 

25 

27 

1 

16 

64 

27 

8 

16 

90 

28 

2 

17 

16 

28 

6 

16 

87 

28 

1 

17 

28 

28 

8 

17 

55 

29 

3 

17 

82 

29 

7 

17 

50 

29 

2 

17 

92 

29 

9 

18 

20 

30 

3 

18 

48 

30 

8 

18 

12 

30 

2 

18 

56 

30 

9 

18 

85 

31 

4 

19 

14 

31 

9 

18 

75 

31 

2 

19 

20 

32 

0 

19 

50 

32 

5 

19 

80 

33 

0 

25 

00 

41 

7 

25 

60 

42 

7 

26 

00 

43 

3 

26 

40 

44 

0 

31 

25 

52 

1 

32 

00 

53 

3 

32 

50 

54 

2 

33 

00 

55 

0 

62 

50 

104 

2 

64 

00 

106 

6 

65 

00 

108 

3 

66 

00 

no 

0 






































181 




AND millwright’s assistant. 


^ •» 

a 

Wheat at 67 cts. 
per bushel. 

Wheat at 68 cts. 
per bushel. 

Wheat at 69 cts. 
per bushel. 

1 Wheat at 70 cts. 
per bu.shel. 


Value 

Value 

Value 

Value 

Value 

Value 

Value 

Value 


bush. 

lbs. 

bush. 

lbs. 

bush. 

lbs. 

bush. 

lbs. 


S 

cts. 

cts. 

m. 

S 

cts. 

cts. m. 

$ 

cts. 

cts. 

m. 

$ 

cts. 

cts. 

m. 

1 


G7 

1 

1 


G8 

1 

1 


69 

1 

1 


70 

1 

o 

2 

1 

33 

2 

2 

1 

3G 

2 

3 

1 

38 

2 

3 

1 

40 

2 

o 

O 

3 

2 

00 

3 

3 

2 

04 

3 

4 

2 

06 

3 

4 

2 

10 

3 

5 

4 

2 

G7 

4 

5 

2 

72 

4 

5 

2 

75 

4 

6 

2 

80 

4 

7 

5 

3 

33 

5 

6 

3 

40 

5 

7 

3 

44 

5 

7 

3 

50 

5 

8 

6 

4 

00 

6 

7 

4 

08 

6*8 

4 

12 

6 

9 

4 

20 

7 

0 

7 

4 

G7 

7 

8 

4 

7G 

7 

9 

4 

81 

8 

0 

4 

90 

8 

2 

8 

5 

33 

8 

9 

5 

44 

9 

1 

5 

50 

9 

2 

5 

60 

9 

3 

9 

G 

00 

10 

0 

6 

12 

10 

2 

6 

19 

10 

3 

6 

30 

10 

5 

10 

G 

G7 

11 

1 

6 

80 

11 

3 

6 

87 

11 

5 

7 

00 

11 

7 

11 

7 

33 

12 

0 

7 

48 

12 

5 

7 

56 

12 

6 

7 

70 

12 

8 

12 

8 

00 

13 

3 

8 

IG 

13 

6 

8 

25 

13 

7 

8 

40 

14 

0 

13 

8 

G7 

14 

5 

8 

84 

14 

7 

8 

94 

14 

9 

9 

10 

15 

2 

14 

9 

33 

15 

5 

9 

52 

15 

9 

9 

62 

16 

0 

9 

80 

16 

3 

15 

10 

00 

16 

7 

10 

20 

17 

0 

10 

31 

17 

2 

10 

50 

17 

5 

IG 

10 

G7 

17 

8 

10 

88 

18 

1 

11 

00 

18 

3 

11 

20 

18 

7 

17 

11 

33 

18 

9 

11 

56 

19 

3 

11 

69 

19 

5 

11 

90 

19 

8 

18 

12 

00 

20 

0 

12 

24 

20 

4 

12 

37 

20 

6 

12 

60 

21 

0 

19 

12 

G7 

21 

1 

12 

92 

21 

5 

13 

06 

21 

8 

13 

30 

22 

2 

20 

13 

33 

22 

2 

13 

60 

22 

7 

13 

75 

22 

9 

14 

00 

23 

3 

21 

14 

00 

23 

3 

14 

28 

23 

8 

14 

44 

24 

1 

14 

70 

24 

5 

22 

14 

67 

24 

5 

14 

96 

24 

9 

15 

12 

25 

2 

15 

40 

25 

7 

23 

15 

33 

25 

5 

15 

64 

26 

1 

15 

81 

26 

4 

16 

10 

26 

8 

24 

IG 

00 

26 

7 

16 

32 

27 

2 

16 

50 

27 

5 

16 

80 

28 

0 

25 

IG 

G7 

27 

8 

17 

00 

28 

3 

17 

19 

28 

6 

17 

50 

29 

2 

2G 

17 

33 

28 

9 

17 

68 

29 

5 

17 

87 

29 

8 

18 

20 

30 

3 

27 

18 

00 

30 

0 

18 

36 

30 

6 

18 

56 

30 

9 

18 

90 

31 

5 

28 

18 

67 

31 

1 

19 

04 

31 

7 

19 

25 

32 

1 

19 

60 

32 

7 

29 

19 

33 

32 

2 

19 

72 

32 

9 

19 

94 

33 

2 

20 

30 

33 

8 

30 

20 

00 

33 

3 

20 

40 

34 

0 

20 

62 

34 

4 

21 

00 

35 

0 

40 

2G 

67 

44 

4 

27 

20 

45 

3 

27 

50 

45 

8 

28 

00 

46 

7 

50 

33 

33 

55 

G 

84 

00 

56 

6 

34 

37 

57 

3 

35 

00 

58 

3 

100 

GG 

G7 

111 

1 

G8 

00 

113 

3 

68 

75 

114 

6i 

70 

00 

116 

7 


16 






























•spanod v ’-ic^coTtio^rt'-cociOr-iiMcoTtivocot^oocnOi-HiMco'T^ocot'-coosoo 

8[3qsnq 'o^ '—i’—i'—ii—ii—ii—ii—ii—ii—ii-HC<)c<ic<icqc<ic^c^cqc<ic<ico'^ 


182 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


Wheat at 71 cts. 
per bushel. 

Wheat at 72 cts. 
per bushel. 

Wheat at 73 cts. 
per bushel. 

Wheat at 74 ct8. 
per bushel. 

Value 

bush. 

Value 

lbs. 

Value 

bush. 

Value 

lbs. 

Value 

bush. 

Value 

lbs. 

Value 

bush. 

Value 

lbs. 

% 

cts. 

cts. 

m. 


cts. 

cts. 

m. 

$ 

cts. 

cts. 

m. 

« 

cts. 

cts. 

m. 


71 

1 

2 


72 

1 

2 


73 

1 

2 


74 

1 

2 

1 

42 

2 

4 

1 

44 

2 

4 

1 

46 

2 

4 

1 

48 

2 

6 

2 

13 

3 

5 

2 

16 

3 

6 

2 

19 

3 

6 

2 

22 

3 

7 

2 

84 

4 

7 

2 

88 

4 

8 

2 

92 

4 

9 

2 

96 

4 

9 

3 

55 

5 

9 

3 

60 

6 

0 

3 

65 

6 

1 

3 

70 

6 

2 

4 

26 

7 

1 

4 

32 

7 

2 

4 

38 

7 

3 

4 

44 

7 

4 

4 

97 

8 

3 

5 

04 

8 

4 

5 

11 

8 

5 

5 

18 

8 

6 

5 

68 

9 

5 

5 

76 

9 

6 

5 

84 

9 

7 

5 

92 

9 

9 

6 

39 

10 

6 

6 

48 

10 

8 

6 

57 

10 

9 

6 

66 

11 

1 

7 

10 

11 

8 

7 

20 

12 

0 

7 

30 

12 

2 

7 

40 

12 

3 

7 

81 

13 

0 

7 

92 

13 

2 

8 

03 

13 

4 

8 

14 

13 

6 

8 

52 

14 

2 

8 

64 

14 

4 

8 

76 

14 

6 

8 

88 

14 

8 

9 

23 

15 

4 

9 

36 

15 

6 

9 

49 

15 

8 

9 

62 

16 

0 

9 

94 

16 

6 

10 

08 

16 

8 

10 

22 

17 

0 

10 

36 

17 

3 

10 

65 

17 

7 

10 

80 

18 

0 

10 

95 

18 

2 

11 

10 

18 

5 

11 

36 

18 

9 

11 

52 

19 

2 

11 

68 

19 

5 

11 

84 

19 

7 

12 

07 

20 

1 

12 

24 

20 

4 

12 

41 

20 

7 

12 

58 

20 

9 

12 

78 

21 

3 

12 

96 

31 

6 

13 

14 

21 

9 

13 

32 

22 

2 

13 

49 

22 

5 

13 

68 

22 

8 

13 

87 

23 

1 

14 

06 

23 

4 

14 

20 

23 

7 

14 

40 

24 

0 

14 

60 

24 

3 

14 

80 

24 

7 

14 

91 

24 

8 

15 

12 

25 

2 

15 

33 

25 

5 

15 

54 

25 

9 

15 

62 

26 

0 

15 

84 

26 

4 

16 

06 

26 

8 

16 

28 

27 

1 

16 

33 

27 

2 

16 

56 

27 

6 

16 

79 

28 

0 

17 

02 

28 

4 

17 

04 

28 

4 

17 

28 

28 

8 

17 

52 

29 

2 

17 

76 

29 

6 

17 

75 

29 

6 

18 

00 

30 

0 

18 

25 

30 

4 

18 

60 

30 

8 

18 

46 

30 

8 

18 

72 

31 

2 

18 

98 

31 

6 

19 

24 

32 

1 

19 

17 

31 

9 

19 

44 

32 

4 

19 

71 

32 

9 

19 

98 

33 

3 

19 

88 

33 

1 

20 

16 

33 

6 

20 

44 

34 

0 

20 

72 

34 

5 

20 

59 

34 

3 

20 

88 

34 

8 

21 

17 

35 

3 

21 

46 

35 

7 

21 

30 

35 

5 

21 

60 

36 

0 

21 

90 

36 

5 

22 

20 

37 

0 

28 

40 

47 

3 

28 

80 

48 

0 

29 

20 

48 

8 

29 

60 

49 

3 

35 

50 

59 

2 

36 

00 

60 

0 

36 

50 

60 

8 

37 

00 

61 

»T 

1 

71 

00 

118 

3 

72 

00 

120 

0 

73 

00 

1 

121 

7 

74 

00 

123 

3 












































AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 


18 J 


No. biifihels I 

& pounds, j 

Wheat at 75 cts. 
per bushel. 

Wheat at 76 cts. 
per bushel. 

Wheat at 77 cts. 
per bushel. 

Wheat at 78 cts. 
per bushel. 

Value 

bush. 

Value 

lbs. 

Value 

bush. 

Value 

lbs. 

Value 

bush. 

Value 

lbs. 

Value 

bush. 

Value 

lls. 



cts 

cts. 

m. 


cts 

cts. 

m. 

« 

cts 

cts. 

m. 

$ 

cts 

cts. 

m. 

1 


75 

1 

2 


76 

1 

3 


77 

1 

3 


78 

1 

3 

2 

1 

50 

2 

5 

1 

52 

2 

5 

1 

64 

2 

6 

1 

56 

2 

6 

3 

2 

25 

3 

/ 

2 

28 

3 

8 

2 

31 

3 

8 

2 

34 

3 

9 

4 

3 

00 

6 

0 

3 

04 

6 

1 

3 

08 

5 

1 

3 

12 

5 

2 

6 

3 

75 

6 

2 

3 

80 

6 

3 

3 

85 

6 

4 

3 

90 

6 

5 

6 

4 

60 

7 

5 

4 

56 

7 

6 

4 

62 

7 

7 

4 

68 

7 

8 

7 

5 

25 

8 

7 

6 

32 

8 

9 

6 

39 

9 

0 

5 

46 

9 

2 

8 

6 

00 

10 

0 

6 

08 

10 

1 

6 

16 

10 

3 

6 

24 

10 

4 

9 

6 

75 

11 

2 

6 

84 

11 

4 

6 

93 

11 

6 

7 

02 

11 

7 

10 

7 

60 

12 

5 

7 

60 

12 

7 

7 

70 

12 

8 

7 

80 

13 

0 

11 

8 

25 

13 

7 

8 

36 

13 

9 

8 

47 

14 

1 

8 

58 

14 

3 

12 

9 

00 

15 

0 

9 

12 

15 

2 

9 

24 

15 

4 

9 

36 

15 

6 

13 

9 

75 

16 

2 

9 

88 

16 

5 

10 

01 

16 

7 

10 

14 

16 

9 

14 

10 

50 

17 

5 

10 

64 

17 

7 

10 

78 

17 

9 

10 

92 

18 

2 

16 

11 

25 

18 

7 

11 

40 

19 

0 

11 

55 

19 

2 

11 

70 

19 

5 

16 

12 

00 

20 

0 

12 

16 

20 

3 

12 

32 

20 

5 

12 

48 

20 

8 

17 

12 

75 

21 

2 

12 

92 

21 

5 

13 

09 

21 

8 

13 

26 

22 

1 

18 

13 

50 

22 

5 

13 

68 

22 

8 

13 

86 

23 

1 

14 

04 

23 

4 

19 

14 

25 

23 

7 

14 

44 

24 

1 

14 

63 

24 

4 

14 

82 

24 

7 

20 

15 

00 

25 

0 

15 

20 

25 

3 

15 

40 

'25 

7 

15 

60 

26 

0 

. 21 

15 

75 

26 

2 

15 

96 

26 

6 

16 

17 

26 

6 

16 

38 

27 

3 

22 

16 

60 

27 

6 

16 

72 

27 

9 

16 

94 

28 

2 

17 

16 

28 

6 

23 

17 

25 

28 

7 

17 

48 

29 

1 

17 

71 

29 

6 

17 

94 

29 

9 

24 

18 

00 

30 

0 

18 

24 

30 

4 

18 

48 

30 

8 

18 

72 

31 

2 

25 

18 

75 

31 

2 

19 

00 

31 

7 

19 

25 

32 

1 

19 

50 

32 

5 

26 

19 

50 

32 

5 

19 

76 

32 

9 

20 

02 

33 

4 

20 

28 

33 

8 

27 

20 

25 

33 

7 

20 

52 

34 

2 

20 

79 

34 

6 

21 

06 

35 

1 

28 

21 

00 

35 

0 

21 

28 

35 

5 

21 

56 

35 

9 

21 

84' 

36 

4 

29 

21 

75 

36 

2 

22 

04 

36 

7 

22 

33 

37 

2 

22 

62 

37 

7 

30 

22 

50 

37 

5 

22 

80 

38 

0 

23 

10 

38 

6 

23 

40 

39 

0 

40 

30 

00 

50 

0 

30 

40 

50 

7 

30 

80 

51 

3 I 

31 

20 

52 

0 

50 

37 

50 

62 

5 

38 

00 

63 

3 

38 

50 

64 


39 

00 

65 

0 

100 

75 

00 

25 

0 

76 

00 

126 

7| 

77 

00 

128 

3', 

78 

00 

1 

130 

0 


































































184 THE AMERICAN MILLER, 




to . 

iS 
w a 


Wheat at 79 cts. 
per bushel. 


W^heat at 80 cts. 
per bushel. 


Wheat at 81 cts. 
per bushel. 


Wheat at 82 cts. 
per bushel. 


a 53 

a 

Value 

bush. 

Value 

lbs. 

Value 

bush. 

Value 

lbs. 

Value 

bush. 

Value 

lbs. 

Value 

bush. 

Value 

lbs. 


S 

cts. 

cts. 

m. 

8 

cts. 

cts. 

m. 

S 

cts. 

cts. 

m. 


cts. 

cts. 

m. 

1 


79 

1 

3 


80 

1 

3 


81 

1 

4 


82 

1 

4 

2 

1 

58 

2 

6 

1 

60 

2 

7 

1 

62 

2 

t 

1 

64 

2 

7 

3 

2 

37 

3 

9 

2 

40 

4 

0 

2 

43 

4 

1 

2 

46 

4 

1 

4 

3 

16 

5 

3 

3 

20 

5 

3 

3 

25 

5 

4 

3 

28 

5 

5 

5 

3 

95 

6 

6 

4 

00 

6 

7 

4 

06 

6 

8 

4 

10 

6 

8 

G 

4 

74 

7 

9 

4 

80 

8 

0 

4 

87 

8 

1 

4 

92 

8 

2 

7 

5 

53 

9 

2 

5 

60 

9 

3 

5 

69 

9 

5 

5 

74 

9 

6 

8 

6 

32 

10 

5 

6 

40 

10 

7 

6 

50 

10 

8 

6 

56 

10 

9 

9 

7 

11 

11 

8 

7 

20 

12 

0 

7 

31 

12 

2 

7 

38 

12 

3 

10 

7 

90 

13 

2 

8 

00 

13 

3 

8 

12 

13 

5 

8 

20 

13 

i 

11 

8 

69 

14 

5 

8 

80 

14 

7 

8 

94 

14 

9 

9 

02 

15 

0 

12 

9 

48 

15 

8 

9 

60 

16 

0 

9 

75 

16 

2 

9 

84 

16 

4 

13 

10 

27 

17 

1 

10 

40 

17 

3 

10 

56 

17 

6 

10 

66 

17 

8 

14 

11 

06 

18 

4 

11 

20 

18 

7 

11 

37 

18 

9 

11 

48 

19 

1 

15 

11 

85 

19 

8 

12 

00 

20 

0 

12 

19 

20 

3 

12 

30 

20 

5 

16 

12 

64 

21 

1 

12 

80 

21 

3 

13 

00 

21 

7 

13 

12 

21 

9 

17 

13 

43 

22 

4 

13 

60 

22 

7 

13 

81 

23 

0 

13 

94 

23 

2 

18 

14 

22 

23 

7 

14 

40 

24 

0 

14 

62 

24 

3 

14 

76 

24 

6 

19 

15 

01 

25 

0 

15 

20 

25 

3 

15 

44 

25 

7 

15 

58 

26 

0 

20 

15 

80 

26 

3 

16 

00 

26 

7 

16 

25 

27 

1 

16 

40 

27 

3 

21 

16 

59 

27 

6 

16 

80 

28 

0 

17 

06 

28 

4 

17 

22 

28 

7 

22 

17 

38 

29 

0 

17 

60 

29 

3 

17 

87 

29 

8 

18 

04 

30 

1 

23 

18 

17 

30 

3 

18 

40 

30 

7 

18 

69 

31 

1 

18 

86 

31 

4 

24 

18 

96 

31 

6 

19 

20 

32 

0 

19 

50 

32 

5 

19 

68 

32 

8 

25 

19 

75 

32 

9 

20 

00 

33 

3 

20 

31 

33 

9 

20 

50 

34 

2 

26 

20 

54 

34 

2 

20 

80 

34 

7 

21 

12 

35 

2 

21 

32 

35 

5 

27 

21 

33 

35 

6 

21 

60 

36 

0 

21 

94 

36 

6 

22 

14 

36 

9 

28 

22 

12 

36 

9 

22 

40 

37 

3 

22 

75 

37 

9 

22 

96 

38 

3 

29 

22 

91 

38 

2 

23 

20 

38 

7 

23 

56 

39 

3 

23 

78 

39 

6 

30 

23 

70 

39 

5 

24 

00 

40 

0 

24 

37 

40 

6 

24 

60 

41 

0 

40 

31 

60 

52 

7 

32 

00 

53 

3 

32 

50 

54 

2 

32 

80 

54 

7 

50 

39 

50 

65 

8 

40 

00 

66 

6 

40 

62 

67 

7 

41 

00 

68 

3 

100 

79 

00 

131 

7 

80 

00 

133 

3 

81 

25 

135 

4 

82 

00 

136 

6 


I 











































and MrLLWRir.IIT s assistant. 


185 


No. bushels 
& pounds. 

Wheat at 8.3 cts. 
per bushel. 

Wheat at 84 cts. 
per bushel. 

Whea t at 85 cts. 
per bushel. 

Wheat at 8b cts 
per bushel. 

Value 

bush. 

Value 

lbs. 

Value 

bush. 

Value 

lbs. 

Val ue 
bush. 

Value 

lbs. 

Value 

bush. 

Value 

lbs. 


« 

cts. 

cts. 

m. 


cts. 

cts. 

tn. 

$ 

cts. 

cts. 

m. 


cts. 

cts. 

01. 

1 


83 

1 

4 


84 

1 

4 


85 

1 

4 


86 

1 

4 

2 

1 

67 

2 

8 

1 

68 

2 

8 

1 

70 

2 

8 

1 

72 

2 

9 

3 

2 

50 

4 

2 

2 

52 

4 

2 

2 

55 

4 

3 

2 

58 

4 

3 

4 

3 

33 

5 

6 

3 

36 

5 

6 

3 

40 

5 

7 

3 

44 

5 

pm 

i 

5 

4 

17 

6 

9 

4 

20 

7 

0 

4 

25 

7 

1 

4 

30 

7 

2 

G 

5 

00 

8 

3 

5 

04 

8 

4 

5 

10 

8 

5 

5 

16 

8 

6 

7 

5 

83 

9 

7 

5 

88 

9 

8 

5 

95 

9 

9 

6 

02 

10 

0 

8 

6 

67 

11 

1 

6 

72 

11 

2 

6 

80 

11 

3 

6 

88 

11 

5 

9 

7 

50 

12 

5 

7 

56 

12 

6 

7 

65 

12 

7 

7 

74 

12 

9 

10 

8 

33 

13 

9 

8 

40 

14 

0 

8 

50 

14 

2 

8 

60 

14 

3 

11 

9 

17 

15 

3 

9 

24 

15 

4 

9 

35 

15 

6 

9 

46 

15 

8 

12 

10 

00 

16 

7 

10 

08 

16 

8 

10 

20 

17 

0 

10 

32 

17 

2 

13 

10 

83 

18 

1 

10 

92 

18 

2 

11 

05 

18 

4 

11 

18 

18 

6 

14 

11 

G7 

19 

4 

11 

76 

19 

6 

11 

90 

19 

8 

12 

04 

20 

1 

15 

12 

50 

20 

8 

12 

60 

21 

0 

12 

75 

21 

2 

12 

90 

21 

5 

16 

13 

33 

22 

2 

13 

44 

22 

4 

13 

60 

22 

7 

13 

76 

22 

9 

17 

14 

17 

23 

6 

14 

28 

23 

8 

14 

45 

24 

1 

14 

62 

24 

4 

18 

15 

00 

25 

0 

15 

12 

25 

2 

15 

30 

25 

5 

15 

48 

25 

8 

19 

15 

83 

26 

4 

15 

96 

26 

6 

16 

15 

26 

9 

16 

34 

27 

2 

20 

IG 

67 

27 

8 

16 

80 

28 

0 

17 

00 

28 

3 

17 

20 

28 

7 

21 

17 

50 

29 

2 

17 

64 

29 

4 

17 

85 

29 

7 

18 

06 

30 

1 

22 

18 

33 

30 

6 

18 

48 

30 

8 

18 

70 

31 

2 

18 

92 

31 

5 

23 

19 

17 

31 

9 

19 

32 

32 

2 

19 

55 

32 

6 

19 

78 

33 

0 

24 

20 

00 

33 

3 

20 

16 

33 

6 

20 

40 

34 

0 

20 

64 

34 

4 

25 

20 

83 

34 

7 

21 

00 

35 

0 

21 

25 

35 

4 

21 

50 

35 

8 

2G 

21 

67 

36 

1 

21 

84 

36 

4 

22 

10 

36 

8 

22 

36 

37 

3 

27 

22 

50 

37 

5 

22 

68 

37 

8 

22 

95 

38 

3 

23 

22 

38 

7 

28 

23 

33 

38 

9 

23 

52 

39 

2 

23 

80 

39 

7 

24 

08 

40 

1 

29 

24 

17 

40 

3 

24 

36 

40 

6 

24 

65 

41 

1 

24 

94 

41 

6 

30 

25 

00 

41 

7 

25 

20 

42 

0 

25 

50 

42 

5 

25 

80 

43 

0 

40 

33 

33 

55 

6 

33 

‘60 

56 

0 

34 

00 

56 

7 

34 

40 

57 

3 

50 

41 

67 

69 

4 

42 

00 

70 

0 

42 

50 

70 

8 

43 

00 

71 

i 

100 

83 

33 

138 

9! 

84 

00 

140 

0 

85 

00 

1 

141 

7 

86 

001143 

3 










































J8G THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


w . 

"T ^ 

a 

S S 

a 

IVheat at 871 c. 
per bushel. 

Wheat at 89 cts. 
per bushel. 

Wheat at 90 cts. 
per bushel. 

Wheat at 91 ctfl. 
per bushel. 

Value 

bush. 

Value 

lbs. 

Value 

hush. 

Value 

lbs. 

Value 

bush. 

Value 

lbs. 

Value 

bush. 

Value 

lbs. 


$ 

cts. 

cts. 

m. 


cts. 

cts. 

m. 


cts. 

cts. 

m. 

» 

cts. 

cts. 

m. 

1 


87 

1 

4 


89 

1 

5 


90 

1 

5 


91 

1 

6 

2 

1 

75 

2 

9 

1 

78 

3 

0 

1 

80 

8 

0 

1 

82 

3 

1 

3 

2 

62 

4 

4 

2 

07 

4 

4 

2 

70 

4 

5 

2 

73 

4 

5 

4 

3 

50 

5 

8 

3 

56 

6 

9 

3 

60 

6 

0 

3 

64 

6 

1 

6 

4 

37 

7 

3 

4 

45 

7 

4 

4 

60 

7 

5 

4 

55 

7 

6 

() 

6 

25 

8 

7 

6 

34 

8 

9 

6 

40 

9 

0 

5 

46 

9 

1 

7 

6 

12 

10 

2 

6 

23 

10 

4 

0 

30 

10 

5 

6 

37 

10 

6 

8 

7 

00 

11 

7 

7 

12 

11 

9 

7 

20 

12 

0 

7 

28 

12 

1 

9 

7 

87 

13 

1 

8 

01 

13 

3 

8 

10 

13 

5 

8 

19 

18 

6 

10 

8 

75 

14 

6 

8 

90 

14 

8 

9 

00 

15 

0 

9 

10 

15 

2 

11 

9 

62 

• 10 

0 

9 

79 

16 

3 

9 

90 

16 

5 

10 

01 

16 

7 

12 

10 

50 

16 

5 

10 

08 

17 

8 

10 

80 

18 

0 

10 

92 

18 

2 

13 

11 

37 

18 

9 

11 

57 

19 

3 

11 

70 

19 

5 

11 

83 

19 

7 

14 

12 

25 

20 

4 

12 

46 

20 

8 

12 

60 

21 

0 

12 

74 

21 

2 

15 

13 

12 

21 

9 

13 

35 

22 

2- 

13 

50 

22 

5 

13 

65 

22 

7 

16 

14 

00 

23 

3 

14 

24 

23 

7 

14 

40 

24 

0 

14 

56 

24 

3 

17 

14 

87 

24 

8 

15 

13 

25 

2 

15 

30 

25 

6 

15 

47 

25 

8 

18 

15 

75 

26 

2 

16 

02 

26 

7 

16 

20 

27 

0 

16 

38 

27 

3 

19 

16 

62 

27 

7 

16 

91 

28 

2 

17 

10 

28 

5 

17 

29 

28 

8 

20 

17 

50 

29 

2 

17 

80 

29 

7 

18 

00 

30 

0 

18 

20 

30 

3 

21 

18 

37 

30 

0 

18 

69 

31 

1 

18 

90 

31 

5 

19 

11 

31 

8 

22 

19 

25 

32 

1 

19 

58 

32 

5 

19 

80 

38 

0 

20 

02 

33 

4 

23 

20 

12 

33 

5 

20 

47 

34 

1 

20 

70 

34 

5 

20 

93 

34 

9 

24 

21 

00 

35 

0 

21 

36 

35 

6 

21 

60 

36 

0 

21 

84 

36 

4 

25 

21 

87 

36 

4 

22 

25 

37 

1 

22 

50 

37 

5 

22 

75 

37 

9 

20 

22 

75 

37 

9 

23 

14 

38 

6 

23 

40 

89 

0 

23 

66 

39 

4 

27 

23 

62 

39 

4 

24 

03 

40 

0 

24 

30 

40 

5 

24 

57 

40 

9 

28 

24 

50 

40 

8 

24 

92 

41 

5 

25 

20 

42 

0 

25 

48 

42 

6 

29 

25 

37 

42 

3 

25 

81 

43 

0 

20 

10 

43 

5 

26 

39 

44 

0 

30 

26 

25 

43 

i 

20 

70 

44 

5 

27 

00 

45 

0 

27 

30 

45 

6 

40 

35 

00 

58 

3 

35 

00 

59 

0 

30 

00 

60 

0 

36 

40 

60 

7 

60 

43 

75 

72 

9 

44 

50 

74 

2 

45 

00 

75 

0 

45 

60 

75 

8 

100 

87 

50 

145 

8 

89 

00 

148 

3 

90 

00 

150 

0 

91 

00 

151 

t 






































^ CO 

1 § 

1 

2 

3 

4 

6 

6 

7 

3 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

40 

50 

100 


AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 


187 


t 92 cts. 
ishel. 


Wheat at 93cts. 
per bushel. 


Wheat at 94 cts. 
per bushel. 


Value 

lbs. 

Value 

bush. 

Value 

lbs. 

Value 

bush. 

Value 

lbs. 

Value 

bush. 

Value 

lbs. 

cts. 

m. 

$ 

cts. 

cts. 

ra. 


cts 

cts. 

m. 

% 

cts 

cts. 

m. 

1 

5 


93 

1 

5 


94 

1 

6 


95 

1 

6 

3 

1 

1 

86 

3 

1 

1 

87 

3 

1 

1 

90 

3 

2 

4 

6 

2 

79 

4 

6 

2 

81 

4 

7 

2 

85 

4 

7 

6 

1 

3 

72 

6 

2 

3 

75 

6 

2 

3 

80 

6 

3 

7 

7 

4 

65 

7 

8 

4 

69 

7 

8 

4 

75 

7 

9 

9 

2 

5 

58 

9 

3 

5 

62 

9 

4 

5 

70 

9 

5 

10 

7 

6 

51 

10 

8 

6 

56 

10 

9 

6 

65 

11 

1 

12 

3 

7 

44 

12 

4 

7 

50 

12 

5 

7 

60 

12 

7' 

13 

8 

8 

37 

13 

9 

8 

44 

14 

1 

8 

55 

14 

3 

15 

3 

9 

30 

15 

5 

9 

37 

15 

6 

9 

50 

15 

8 

16 

9 

10 

23 

17 

1 

10 

31 

17 

2 

10 

45 

17 

4 

18 

4 

11 

16 

18 

6 

11 

25 

18 

7 

11 

40 

19 

0 

19 

9 

12 

09 

20 

1 

12 

19 

20 

3 

12 

35 

20 

0 

21 

5 

13 

02 

21 

/ 

13 

12 

21 

9 

13 

30 

22 

2 

23 

0 

13 

95 

28 

3 

14 

0 <) 

23 

4 

14 

25 

23 

7 

24 

5 

14 

88 

24 

8 

15 

00 

25 

0 

15 

20 

25 

3 

26 

1 

15 

81 

26 

3 

15 

94 

26 

6 

16 

15 

26 

9 

27 

6 

16 

74 

27 

9 

16 

87 

28 

1 

17 

10 

28 

5 

29 

1 

17 

67 

29 

4 

17 

81 

29 

7 

18 

05 

30 

1 

30 

i 

18 

60 

31 

0 

18 

75 

31 

2 

19 

00 

31 

7 

32 

2 

19 

53 

32 

6 

19 

69 

32 

8 

19 

95 

33 

o 

33 

7 

20 

46 

34 

1 

20 

62 

34 

4 

20 

90 

34 

8 

35 

3 

21 

39 

35 

6 

21 

56 

35 

9 

21 

85 

36 

4 

36 

8 

22 

32 

37 

2 

22 

50 

37 

5 

22 

80 

38 

0 

88 

3 

23 

25 

38 

8 

23 

44 

39 

1 

23 

75 

39 

6 

39 

9 

24 

18 

40 

3 

24 

37 

40 

6 

24 

70 

41 

2 

41 

4 

25 

11 

41 

8 

25 

31 

42 

2 

25 

65 

42 

7 

42 

9 

26 

04 

43 

4 

26 

25 

43 

7 

26 

60 

44 

3 

44 

5 

26 

97 

44 

9 

27 

19 

45 

3 

27 

55 

45 

9 

46 

0 

27 

90 

46 

5 

28 

12 

46 

9 

28 

50 

47 

5 

61 

3 

.37 

20 

62 

0 

37 

50 

62 

5 

88 

00 

03 

3 

76 

7 

46 

50 

77 

5 

46 

87 

78 

1 

47 

50 

79 

o 

53 

3 

93 

00 

155 

0 

93 

75 

156 

2 

95 

00 

158 

3 


Wheat at 95 cts. 
per bushel. 

























































!88 THE AMERICAN 3IITXER, 


X . 

^ ec 

pC Q 

D ^ 

a 

Wheat at96cts. 
per bushel. 

Wheat at 97 cts. 
per bushel. 

Wheat at 98 cts. 
per bushel. 

1 Wheat at 99 cts. 
per bushel. 

Value 

bush. 

Value 

lbs. 

Value 

bush. 

Value 

lbs. 

Value 

bush. 

Value 

lbs. 

Value 

bush. 

Value 

lbs. 


S 

cts. 

cts. 

m. 

$ 

cts. 

cts. 

m. 

S 

cts. 

cts. 

m. 


cts. 

cts. 

m. 

1 


96 

1 

6 


97 

1 

6 


98 

1 

6 


99 

1 

6 

2 

1 

92 

3 

2 

1 

94 

3 

2 

1 

96 

3 

3 

1 

98 

3 

3 

3 

2 

88 

4 

8 

2 

91 

4 

8 

2 

94 

4 

9 

2 

97 

4 

9 

4 

3 

84 

6 

4 

3 

88 

6 

5 

3 

92 

6 

5 

3 

96 

6 

6 

6 

4 

80 

8 

0 

4 

85 

8 

1 

4 

90 

8 

2 

4 

95 

8 

2 

6 

5 

76 

9 

6 

5 

82 

9 

7 

5 

88 

9 

8 

5 

94 

9 

9 

7 

6 

72 

11 

2 

6 

79 

11 

3 

6 

86 

11 

4 

6 

93 

11 

5 

8 

7 

68 

12 

8 

7 

76 

12 

9 

7 

84 

13 

1 

7 

92 

13 

2 

9 

8 

64 

14 

4 

8 

73 

14 

5 

8 

82 

14 

7 

8 

91 

14 

8 

10 

9 

60 

16 

0 

9 

70 

16 

2 

9 

80 

16 

3 

9 

90 

16 

5 

11 

10 

56 

17 

6 

10 

67 

17 

8 

10 

78 

17 

9 

10 

89 

18 

1 

12 

11 

52 

19 

2 

11 

64 

19 

4 

11 

76 

19 

6 

11 

88 

19 

8 

13 

12 

48 

20 

8 

12 

61 

21 

0 

12 

74 

21 

2 

12 

87 

21 

4 

14 

13 

44 

22 

4 

13 

58 

22 

6 

13 

72 

22 

9 

13 

86 

23 

1 

15 

14 

40 

24 

0 

14 

55 

24 

2 

14 

70 

24 

5 

14 

85 

24 

7 

16 

15 

36 

25 

6 

15 

52 

25 

9 

15 

68 

26 

1 

15 

84 

26 

4 

17 

16 

32 

27 

2 

16 

49 

27 

5 

16 

66 

27 

8 

16 

83 

28 

0 

18 

17 

28 

28 

8 

17 

46 

29 

1 

17 

64 

29 

4 

17 

82 

29 

7 

19 

18 

24 

30 

4 

18 

43 

30 

7 

18 

62 

31 

0 

18 

81 

31 

3 

20 

19 

20 

32 

0 

19 

40 

32 

3 

19 

60 

32 

7 

19 

80 

33 

0 

21 

20 

16 

33 

6 

20 

37 

33 

9 

20 

58 

34 

3 

20 

79 

34 

6 

22 

21 

12 

35 

2 

21 

34 

35 

6 

21 

56 

35 

9 

21 

78 

36 

3 

23 

22 

08 

36 

8 

22 

31 

37 

2 

22 

54 

37 

6 

22 

77 

37 

9 

24 

23 

04 

38 

4 

23 

28 

38 

8 

23 

52 

39 

2 

23 

76 

39 

6 

25 

24 

00 

40 

0 

24 

25 

40 

4 

24 

50 

40 

8 

24 

75 

41 

3 

26 

24 

96 

41 

6 

25 

22 

42 

0 

25 

48 

42 

5 

25 

74 

42 

9 

27 

25 

92 

43 

2 

26 

19 

43 

6 

26 

46 

44 

1 

26 

73 

44 

5 

28 

26 

88 

44 

8 

27 

16 

45 

3 

27 

44 

45 

7 

27 

72 

46 

2 

29 

27 

84 

46 

4 

28 

13 

46 

9 

28 

42 

47 

4 

28 

71 

47 

8 

30 

28 

80 

48 

0 

29 

10 

48 

5 

29 

40 

49 

0 

29 

70 

49 

5 

40 

38 

40 

64 

0 

38 

80 

64 

7 

39 

20 

65 

3 

39 

60 

66 

0 

50 

48 

00 

80 


48 

50 

80 

8 

49 

00 

81 

7 

49 

50 

82 

5 

lOO 

96 

00 

160 

o' 

97 

00 

161 

7 

98 

00 

163 

3i 

99 

00 

165 

0 


















































AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 


189 


STEAM AS APPLIED FOR PROPELLING MILLS. 

Steam, as a power for milling purposes, in locations 
where fuel can be easily obtained, is quite as good as 
water, when constructed and arranged properly. Tho 
old method of building steam-mills with single engines 
is always attended with a good deal of difficulty, re¬ 
quiring very nice calculation in proportioning the motion 
of the machinery, so as to do away with back-lashing, 
which is impossible, unless the velocity x)f the balance- 
wheel exceed that of the stone; which should be borne 
in mind by all millwrights who undertake to build mills 
with single engines. But modern improvement in the 
science of practical mechanics has improved the steam 
mill, by the application of two engines instead of one. 
The engines are attached to the main shaft, working at 
right angles, which gives a very even, steady power, and 
dispenses with the use of fly-wheels entirely. 

The following sized engines may be used in mills to 
drive two run of stones, viz.; 

Size of cylinders, 10 inches bore,—length of stroke, 
2 feet; to be supplied with steam from two boilers, 
double flues, 40 inches in diameter, 30 feet long. 

Boilers and engines of that size will drive two run of 
stones, with all necessary machinery for flouring and 
custom work. And a mill of that size, when properly 
constructed, with flve cords of wood per twenty-four 
hours, will put up from one hundred to one hundred and 
thirt}^ barrels of flour. 


190 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE SAW-MILL, WITH A 
TABLE FOR MEASURING SAW-LOGS. 

The construction of the saw-mill is something that 
requires improvement, even in this day of mechanical 
progress. The old method of building saw-mills, is to 
attach the water-wheel and saw to the same shaft. That 
we consider wrong, for the following reasons: The power 
of the water is so great, it requires every part of all the 
connecting machinery to be bound very secure, which 
causes a stiffness which very materially reduces the ac¬ 
tual power, when used in connection with a crank. As 
the power of the water is the same, both off and on the 
centre, producing an irregularity of motion, the momen¬ 
tum of which racks the frame of the mill, and occasions 
a great deal of trouble and time in extra repairs. To 
make this subject more plain, the weight of water, saw- 
sash, pitman, and crank cannot be equalized, as the 
length of the crank being the distance from the centre, 
produces that irregularity of motion, which pertains to 
all crank motions. Saw-mills of this description are 
generally driven by horizontal water-wheels, and are sim¬ 
ple in their construction, but are less powerful than 
those mills geared by perpendicular water-wheels as 
follows: 

The first great advantage in gearing saw-mills with 
perpendicular water-wheels, is, you use the water on a 
wheel working on the principle of the lever of the second 
kind, (see, “Mechanics,’^ 16,) the power being 


AND millwright’s assistant. 


191 


3 to 1, and the saw being driven by a belt, takes away 
all that strain which destroys and racks the frame, as all 
single geared mills. Also, the gig-wheel is done away, 
as, by a gauge on the main gate, the carriage may be 
worked with ease, and a good deal of power saved thereby. 

For a water power of seven feet head, the following 
described rules may be used, and a good strong mill 
obtained:—Size of the frame, 27 by 40—size of water¬ 
wheel, 5 feet in diameter, driving a horizontal shaft, 
with bevel gearing 2 inches, i pitch, driver 64 cogs, 
leader 32—size of driving-drum on said shaft, 8 feet in 
diameter, which drives the crank shaft by a pully 2 feet 
in diameter,—this pully should be made about 2 feet 
wide, to allow room for the belt which drives the carriage 
by a drum of 5 feet in diameter. The carriage is 
worked to the saw by an eccentric rod attached from the 
crank shaft which runs up to the feed hand, and joins 
by an elbow. A fly-wheel six feet in diameter is re¬ 
quired, and bored for the crank at any required length, 
from 12 to 30 inches. 

This is the best possible mode of constructing the 
saw-mill, and, where a muley saw is used, is one of the 
best kind of mills. The size of the belting should be, 
when made of leather, 12 inches wide, of good baud 
leather doubled, sewed with horse-hide dressed pur¬ 
posely, stitched three times. This belt, if kept dry, 
will last for many years. 

The belting should be made of leather, 12 or 14 
inches wide, and for the information of those concerned 
in mills, and rc(|uiiing the use of bands, 1 should re 


192 THE AMERICAN MILLER, 

commend them to William Kumbel, the manufacturer 
and patentee of Kumbers patent maclnne-stretclied 
leather banding, who manufactures the same at No. 
33 Ferry street. New York. He stretches them very 
thoroughly by machinery, and rivets them together, 
and makes them run perfectly straight; and also war¬ 
rants them to give perfect satisfaction to the purchaser. 
He may at all times be addressed by mail, and will 
send prices of any or all the dilferent sizes which may 
be wanted, and can be forwarded by express. He is a 
man in whom full confidence can be placed, as he war¬ 
rants, and will take back any work that does not give 
entire satisfaction. All millers, as well as others en¬ 
gaged in manufacturing, can attest to the importance 
of having bands properly made; and I have myself re¬ 
cently visited some of the largest establishments in 
New York, and, among others, the extensive, and, I 
might say, model flouring-mill, of the Messrs. Ilecker 
k Brothers, where I saw some 3000 feet of this belting 
in operation. For driving both the stone and elevators, 
its performance was most perfect. I should have no¬ 
ticed that the manufacturer sizes and joints by cement, 
before riveting. 


AND MILLWRIGHT’S ASSISTANT 


193 


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Saw-Logs reduced to Inch Board Measure, {Continued.') 


194 


THE AMERICAN MILLi^JP 


Diameter in inches. 1 

44 

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To find the amount of lumber any log will make. —First, find the length of the log * 14 . 
first or left-hand column; then, on the top of the page, to the right, find the diam-jt^'j 
and under the same will he found the quantity of lumber your log will make • 

Vat^d ^r ajay le»4f<^h from 30 to CewL. for any diameter fr'?!!) ‘•2 44 vneU^j. 
















































AND millwright’s assistant. 


195 



IIARKISON’S PATENT DOUBLE-GEARED MILL. 

This cut is a representation of a Double-geared Mill. 
The gear-wheels are made of iron, or iron and wood, 
and run as well as it is possible to make them; the belt 
runs on tight and loose pulleys, upon a horizontal shaft, 
which, by bevel-gear, give motion to the spindle. 

It is much easier to attach the power to those mills 
from common horse-powers, or from horizontal shafting, 
and all of the sizes are provided with double-gears for 
that purpose, if desired. Single-geared mills run with 
the least noise, will last longer, and are recommended 
in most cases where they can be conveniently used. 

Manufactured and for sale by Edward Harrison, 

New Haven, Coim 





































































196 


THE AMERICJ\#i MILLER, 


UriCA FRENCH BURE MILL-STONE MANUFACTORY 

Hart & Munson, successors to M. Hart and Son, in 
the above establishment, are now prepared to furnish 
French burr mill-stones of the best quality and greatly 
improved workmanship and finish; together with the 
best quality bolting cloths, screen wire, hoisting screws, 
lighter screws, dansells, and mill picks. 

Mr. Munson, who is a practical miller and mill¬ 
wright, has recently invented and patented a machine, 
on which the mill-stone, after it is blocked up, is sus¬ 
pended upon its centre, where it is balanced in the 
course of filling up and finishing, instead of filling up 
the same without the means of testing the accuracy of 
its balance, leaving that to be done by the millwright, 
(as is usually the case,) in hanging the stone for actual 
use in the mill. 

In order that the great superiority of mill-stones 
finished in this way over all others, may be seen at once, 
a brief description of the machine and manner of finish¬ 
ing, is herewith given. 

An important part or the machine is a heavy circular 
face plate, which is hung and balanced on a pivot or 
spindle. This plate has a flange near the outer edge on 
the under side, which rests on four friction rollers, so 
that when put in motion, it' runs perfectly smooth and 
true. Around the opening or eye in the centre of the 
plate, there is raised a flange which receives a hollow 
cone for forming the eye of the stone. This cone stands 



MUXSEX’S PATENT MACHINE FOR TESTING THE ACCURACY OF THE 
BALANCE OF MILL-STONES —Page 196. 






































































































































































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AND MILLWRTCITTT’s ASSISTANT. 197 

perfectly true with the plate, which plate is raised or 
lowered with a lighter screw. The cut is a representa¬ 
tion of the machine, with a mill-stone upon it, in a 
finished state. 

The manner of finishing a stone is by placing it upon 
the plate and centre it. The skirt is then coated with 
plaster and turned otf perfectly true. The band is then 
put on hot. This band is wide, (with iron tubes fitted 
in for the pin holes,) and extends above the edge of the 
stone in its unfinished state, leaving a vacancy between 
the eye and the band, which is to be filled up in the 
finishing. It is in this filling up and finishing of the 
stone that the balancing of it is performed. The means 
being here afforded, as described, of raising the stone 
free from the friction rollers, and holding it suspended on 
the spindle or cock head, and in that condition observing 
its balance when at rest, or by application of motive 
power, communicating to the stone a swift motion, and 
in that condition, by observing its balance, it can very 
accurately be ascertained which side of the stone pre¬ 
ponderates, and where to apply the heaviest filling. 

This test is strictly ob.served until the necessary thick¬ 
ness is obtained. When the filling is completed, a coat 
of plaster is put on and the top is nicely turned off, and 
the stone is complete. During the whole process, the 
means are afforded of testing its balance both at rest 
and in motion, so that when the process of construction 
is complete, and the mill-stone finished, it is not only 
constructed favourably to the perfection of the stone, 
but the stone is also thoroughly balanced. 


198 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 

Their bed-stones are also finished on the macliirio, con¬ 
sequently are of equal thickness, which saves the neces¬ 
sity of scribing down or wedging up. 

The author is aware of the importance of millers 
being made fully acquainted with their true interests as 
regards the building of mill-stones and mill-furnishing 
generally. A mill-stone is the most essential part of the 
mill, for without a good quality of mill-stones, all other 
expenses, however costly, are of no use in getting up a 
mill. If the stones are either too hard or too soft, too 
close or too open, or made out of blocks uneven in tem¬ 
per, they are not fit for making flour, and are sure to 
injure the reputation of any mill. Where they are to 
be obtained is therefore of great importance. 

At this establishment may be found mill-stones not to 
be equalled in the United States in any particular, as no 
improvement has been allowed to pass their notice. 
And it is gratifying, and highly recommends their work, 
to know, that if France alone produces the Burr in its 
pure native state, the honour is left to Messrs. Munson 
& Hart to form and fashion it into those mill-stones 
which so far supersede other manufacturers in the beauty, 
excellence, and superiority of their workmanship. 

To excel has been the aim of this firm in every de¬ 
partment of their business, and this has been accomplished 
through the great mechanical skill and experience of Mr, 
Munson, who has invented and patented three distinct 
improvements in the art of mill-stone making, the last 
of which is the most important, consisting of an improved 
eye, formed by means of two spiral or inclined plates in 


Illlil 



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AND MTLTAVRTCtit’s AFSTSTANT, 


190 


combination with the ball, which prevents the grain lodg¬ 
ing in the eye of the stone, and allowing it to be run at 
any desirable speed required. 

The engravings represent the improvement, with a 
description by Mr. Munson. 

Fig. 1 is an inverted plan or bottom view of the eye, 
A A, being the driving sides of the centre cone. Spiral 
wings connect the outer and centre cone. The wings at 
the base are shown at D D. These wings extend up¬ 
ward of two-thirds the length of the cone in a spiral di¬ 
rection, and are brought to a sharp edge and fluted on 
both sides, which cuts off all sharp angles at the outside 
cone. 

Fig. 2 is the spindle. B, the driver. 

Fig. 3 is an external view of the eye, showing the 
horn for fastening into the stone; also the top of cen¬ 
tre cone, to receive the danscll cup or plate for silent 
errindino;. 

Having visited this extensive manuflictory, I feel 
satisfied in saying that T there experienced great plea¬ 
sure, as well as received practical information, in the 
mechanical construction of the French burr mill-stone, 
which is entirely new. By reference to the engravings, 
the miller discovers new principles, which are adopted for 
the purpose of making a mill-stone work perfect. This 
is an entirely original invention of one of this firm; and 
T. think I can safely attest that no other mill-stone esta¬ 
blishment in the United States turns out mill-stones 
of a finer finish and make than these. IJaving visited 


200 


THE AMERICAN MTLEER, 


several of tlie largest establislimcnts in the city of New 
V^ork and elsewhere, for the purpose of giving millers 
all the information pertaining to the business, in this 
edition of my work, I now present to them this esta¬ 
blishment as a model French burr and mill-furnishing 
concern, highly worthy of the patronage of all engaged 
in our business. 


BRAN DUSTERS AND SEPARATORS COMBINED. 

The undersigned, being a practical miller, and for three 
years past engaged in putting into mills bran dusters, is 
enabled from experience to say that no flouring mill 
should be without this valuable machine. 

The saving by running the bran, shorts, and ship- 
stuff’s through the duster, after the bolts usually in 
mills have taken out all the flour they are capable of, is, 
in the best arranged mills, from one to two barrels out 
of the otfal from every 100 barrels—and in most mills 
is from two to flve barrels. The enormous loss millers 
sustain who do not dust their ofiFal, amounts, in this 
State, to hundreds of thousands of dollars. In Oswego 
alone, where some 500,000 barrels of flour are turned 
out yearly, more than ten thousand barrels of flour go 
off in the offal, without increasing the offal, and is, in 
fact, throwing away fifty thousand dollars. This bold 
assertion the undersigned can demonstrate to the satis¬ 
faction of any miller who will submit the cleanest of 



AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 


201 


his bran, shorts, and shipstuffs, to actual trial Dust¬ 
ing the ofi'al and returning the flour taken out to the 
hopper-boy, does not speck or injure the flour in the 
least—this is well known to all millers who have intro¬ 
duced the dusters. 

Machines, capable of dusting the offal from any 
quantity, up to 500 barrels per day, are made in a flrst 
rate manner—not liable to get out of order, and easily 
repaired—either to separate the bran, shorts, and ship- 
stuff's, or not, at L. A. Spalding’s machine shop and 
foundry, in Lockport, New York, at the following 
prices:— 

Horizontal machines, with or without separators, 
boxed ready to run, about 200 revolutions per minute, 
requiring but little power— 

No. 1, $100, suitable for a mill turning out 100 barrels per day. 

No. 2, 150, “ “ « 200 “ “ 

No. 3, 200, « « « 600 « « 

Every flouring mill in Lockport has this machine in 
use, and certificates, verifying what is said herein, could 
be obtained, if necessary, from the most respectable and 
experienced millers throughout Western New York. 

Persons wishing machines may address L. A. Spald¬ 
ing, Lockport, Niagara county. New York, (post-paid,) or 
the subscriber, who will, if required, attend personally 
in setting them in operation. 

F. A. Spalding, Lockport, New York. 

N. B.—Directions for setting up will be attached to 
each machine. 


202 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


DONNELL’S IMPROVED PROCESS OF FLOURING. 

Patented August 14, 1849. 

Whatever adds to or improves the quality of any 
thing which is useful to man, is valuable; and what¬ 
ever claims to do so, is worthy of attention and exami¬ 
nation, particularly when the proposed improvement is 
directed to the main article of the world’s product, 
breadstuffs. 

To the people of the United States, who have annu¬ 
ally about 8,000,000 barrels of surplus flour, which 
seeks the market of the world, and which must come 
in competition with the produce of the great wheat¬ 
growing countries of Russia and Germany, any im¬ 
provement in machinery or in the process of produc¬ 
tion, by which American flour can be increased in quan¬ 
tity or improved in quality, without adding to the labour 
or expense of production, must be of immense benefit. 
The cost of labour, in the wheat-growing countries of 
Europe, (aside from that performed by Russian serfs,) 
is from 11 to 15 cents per day, without board; and, 
from the government reports of that country, it will be 
seen that Russia alone, after a good harvest, is in con¬ 
dition to export about 30,000,000 of chetwerts of grain,” 
equal to about 180,000,000 of.bushels of grainy and 
supposing the cost of transportation equal, as the Ameri¬ 
can producer pays some seven or eight times as much 
for labour, it is evident he must abandon the forei<Ti 

o 

market, unless he can, by the richness of his soil, his 


AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 


203 


superior husbandry, and his mechanical skill, combined, 
produce as cheaply as his competitors. The improve¬ 
ments in the manufacture of flour have, for the last 15 
or 20 years, been so great, that many persons engaged 
in the business suppose that further improvements can¬ 
not be made. It is well known, that, but a few years 
ago, it required, with the utmost economy, 5 good 
bushels of wheat to make a barrel of superfine flour, 
and now it is produced, of equally good, or better 
quality, out of 4 bushels and 15 to 25 pounds; but 
whatever may be their opinions, and whatever may be 
the quantity now used, it is no longer a conjecture, but 
an established fact, that there is a barrel of excellent 
superfine flour in 210 pounds of good, dry wheat, 
weighing 60 pounds to the bushel: i. e. 31 bushels. 
There is, then, a loss somewhere, of 45 to 55 pounds 
on every barrel of superfine flour; and this loss is mainly 
from the best and most nutritious portion of the grain, 
the gluten. This fact is established by the following 
experiments, extracted from the report of Dr. Bock to 
the Commissioner of Patents. (See Patent Office lie 
port for 1818.) 


204 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


ANALYSIS OF WHEAT FLOUR. 

Neio Jersey Flour. 

Example 1. —Sample of wheat flour purchased at 


New Brunswick : 

Water . 12.75 

Gluten . 10.90 

Starch . 70.20 

Glucose, Dextrine, &c. 6.15 


100.00 


Nefio York Flour. 

Example 4. —Wheat flour, branded Excelsior,’^ 
manufactured expressly for Messrs. Lay & Craft, Albany, 
New York, from extra pure Genesee wheat, Bochester, 


New York. 

Water . 12.40 

Gluten . 11.46 

Starch. 70.20 

Glucose, Dextrine, &c. 5.20 


99.26 

These two examples are about tKe medium. There 
were 23 analyses made by Dr. Beck, from samples fur¬ 
nished by the different States, from which the average 
yield of gluten was 11.18 per cent, of the whole 
flour. 












r 


AND millwright’s assistant. 205 

The proportion of gluten in wheat is generally about 
double that contained in these samples of flour. Accord¬ 
ing to Davy’s Agricultural Chemistry, English Middlesex 
wheat contained 19.00 per cent .) Sicilian wheat, 23.90 \ 
Poland, 20.00, and North American, 22.50 per cent. The 
other half, therefore, of this most precious property of the 
grain goes into the bran or feeds, and is comparatively 
lost. On this point, Dr. Beck says: ‘^Although the 
whiteness of the bread is considered as a mark of its 
goodness, it has been ascertained by Professor Johnston 
that fine flour contains a less proportion of nutritive 
matter than the whole meal. The correctness of this 
view has been confirmed during the present investiga¬ 
tion ) for in two or three samples of wheat which I have 
analyzed, it was found that the amount of gluten in 
the fine flour was less than in the flour passed through 
a coarse sieve and containing a larger proportion of bran. 
These results, according to Professor Johnston, are to 
be accounted for in the supposition that the part of the 
grain which is most abundant in starch crushes better 
and more easily under the mill-stones than that which, 
being richer in gluten, is probably also tougher and 
less brittle. They are also consistent with the greater 
nourishment generally supposed to reside in household 
bread, made from the flour of the whole grain.^’ 

Millers, being aware that they did not save all the 
flour which the grain contained, have laboured under a 
great many difficulties in attempting an impossibility, 
viz. to reduce to the same degree of fineness the dif¬ 
ferent constituent parts of the grain by one grinding. 


206 


THE a:merican miller, 


If they grind high and free, much, and the best portion 
of the flour, will be lost. Their flour will contain but 
little else than the starchy property. If they grind 
close and fine, they glaze their mill-stones, and the heat 
produced by the friction spoils the flour. The starchy 
portion of the grain is ground to a paste, filling the 
meshes of the bolts, and retarding its passage through 
them. This shows the necessity of a double grinding 
process, and, in fact, all millers have, in some manner, 
acknowledged it, by taking up the middlings, or other 
portions of the ground stuffs, and regrinding them. 

I have invented and recently patented an improved 
process of grinding, which obviates these difiScultics. 
It consists in separating the starch from the glutinous 
substances contained in the grain, and submitting the 
latter to a second active grinding or scouring process. 
This is efiected by placing a set or run of auxiliary mill¬ 
stones, (under a very rapid motion, from 300 to 500 
revolutions per minute,) so as to intercept the whole 
body of the offal, on its passage from the first or super¬ 
fine bolts to the return or duster bolts. The auxiliary 
mill may be adapted in size to the work to be done; a 
stone 36 inches in diameter being suflScient for a common 
four-run mill. It should be driven with a spur wheel 
or gearing of some kind, as a belt is liable to slip and 
lose motion. The eye of the stone should be made 
very conical, and the irons put in so as to leave as much 
room in the eye as possible—the whole of which should 
be covered with smooth sheet iron or tin. The stones 
should be strongly banded, hung, and balanced very 


AND MlLLWRiailT’s ASSISTANT. 


207 


nicely, dressed true and smooth, with a pretty large 
proportion of deep furrows about the eye or centre. 
The feeding is supplied and made very uniform and per¬ 
fect, by substituting a large funnel for the common ^‘hop¬ 
per, shoe, and damsel.’^ Around the tube of the funnel i» 
cut a screw, which passes through a nut sot immediately 
over the runner’s eye. This tube reaches down in the 
eye of the runner until it comes nearly upon the top 
of the bale, which should be formed so as to fit, or 
nearly so, the opening of the tube; then, by turning the 
funnel, the screw widens or contracts the opening at 
the top of the bale, admitting more or less feed, as de¬ 
sired. 

In using this improvement, the first grinding should 
be done with reference to the starch entirely, always 
being careful to reduce no part of it so fine as to de¬ 
stroy its granular qualities. This done, the bolting is 
free, and the starch is bolted out in passing through the 
first or superfine bolts. The remainder of the stuffs is 
sent directly to the auxiliary mill, where it is ground to 
any degree of fineness the miller may desire. It is 
then passed through the lower merchant or duster bolts, 
and such portion of it sent back to the same as may be 
necessary, until all the flour is brought out clear from 
specula,’’ when it is continually sent to the cooler or 
first bolts, to be uniformly incorporated with the super¬ 
fine flour. 

In this manner, the miller may put the whole con¬ 
stituent of the wheat, except the bran, into the super¬ 
fine barrel; or as much of it as, by any possibility, is 


208 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


susceptible of being made into flour. He may make 
bis flour a superior article, in point of colour and tex¬ 
ture, or he may make the best Graham’^ imaginable, 
by one straight, continuous operation. The following 
are some of the advantages and economies which the 
improvement combines: 

1. As the whole body of the grain is reduced to the 
same fineness, it facilitates the bolting and simplifies 
the bolting machinery; three bolts, properly adjusted 
and adapted to the process being sufficient for a four- 
run mill. 

2. It saves the time, trouble, and expense of grinding 
over middlings, and makes the proceeds of the mid¬ 
dlings into superfine flour, and thus avoids the loss 
heretofore sustained in the sale of fine flour.^^ 

3. It catches and reduces to flour all the partially 
ground or whole grain, which, by stopping or starting 
the mill, or from any other cause, escapes the first grind¬ 
ing, and which, by the ordinary mode of grinding, is 
lost in the feeds. 

4. It is admirably adapted to the grinding of the 
wet or damp wheat, so much of wdiich comes to our 
markets in unfavourable seasons. The first grinding 
warms the product, and, on being passed up the eleva¬ 
tors, through the cooler and first bolts, the oflfal is com¬ 
paratively kiln-dried, when it is subjected to the rapid 
motion of the auxiliary mill, and, on being bolted, is 
readily divested of almost every remaining particle of 
flour. It also exhausts the moisture in wheat compara 
lively dry, and, at the same time, adds more gluten, both 


AND MILlAVRKiFIT’s ASSISTANT. 


200 


of wliich have a direct tendency in preserving the flour 
from souring in warm weather and hot climates. 

6. As the flour is drier, richer, and of better quality, 
it will absorb more liquid in bread-making, and of course 
make more bread, and that of more nutritious and 
wholesome quality, than ordinary superfine flour. This 
the bakers in our Eastern markets, where this flour has 
been sold, have already ascertained. 

6. It saves enough from the bran, shorts, shipstuflTs, 
and middlings, besides the great saving in bolting ar¬ 
rangements, regrinding middlings, &c., to enable the 
miller to make his barrel of excellent superfine flour out 
of 15 to 25 pounds less wheat, on the average, than by 
au}" mode heretofore practised. 

Perhaps it may be objected that there is nothing 
new in grinding over the offal, or bran, but, on the con¬ 
trary, that it has long been practised.’^ This, of course, 
T would not (leny, as I do not claim to be the discoverer 
or inventor of any new princi^ile. I only claim to have 
adapted the grinding process to the practical and con¬ 
tinuous operation of scouring or cleaning the offal with 
an auxiliary mill, adapted to that purpose, and running 
very rapidly, and, by a simple construction and arrange¬ 
ment, to have made the feeding of the offal un iform and 
perfect, and that by these means all the difficulties here¬ 
tofore encountered in attempting to grind offal are cid 
tirely overcome. Kcrctofore, in attempting to grind 
offal, the main difficulty has been in the feeding and 
motion. If the stones were run at a high speed, the 

feeding could not be regularly supplied; if run slowly, 

18 * 


\ 



210 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


there being so large a proportion of gluten in the otfal, 
the stones would soon become glazed. But in my plan, 
the stones may be run at any speed, and the feeding of 
bran alone will be uniform and equal. It may also be 
objected that ^Uhe proposed process of regrinding the 
offal will so speck and reduce the standard of the flour, 
that it will not pass inspection.” It would answer this 
objection to say that there are now no inspection laws in 
the principal markets for Western flour, and that the 
time is rapidly approaching when the mere whiteness of 
flour must be considered of secondary importance, and 
that it will be valuable and esteemed in proportion to 
the nutriment it contains. But I by no means admit 
that the colour of the flour is necessarily changed by 
my process; on the contrary, I assert that it will main¬ 
tain its colour and texture so as to warrant inspection, 
and for these reasons : 

1. When the whole meal is sent from the first stones 
to the cooler, the bran is not cut up so fine as when at¬ 
tempting to get all the flour from the wheat by one 
grinding : this diminishes the chances of specking the 
flour. 

2d. The bolts are fed much fuller than before, as the 
whole body of the flour is much more uniform, which 
has a tendency to keep the lighter particles, or bran 
speckula,” ui)on the top, until carried off by the rotary 
motion of the bolts, with the feeds; and, 

3d. The offal,” after being reground, is not re¬ 
turned” to the hopperboy,” or first bolts, but sent to 
the return or duster bolts, and such portion and quality 


ANT; millwright’s ASSISTANT. 211 

of che flour bolted out^ and sent to the cooler, as the 
miller’s judgment may dictate, and such as will not 
lower the grade of superfine flour; the brown ^^speckula” 
of the lower bolts always being returned to the same 
bolts, until the flour rendered is sufficiently clear to 
warrant sending it to the cooler,” or first bolts, to be 
incorporated with the superfine flour, without danger of 
specking or injuring its colour. This can easily be 
done, and scour the ofiFal as fine as you wish, as the 
same comparative difference is always maintained be¬ 
tween the bran and flour : the bran always being coarser 
and lighter than the flour, there is no trouble in separa¬ 
ting the latter from the former, by proper care in ar¬ 
ranging and managing the bolting. But it is quite 
unnecessary to speculate or theorize upon this sub¬ 
ject, as practical tests, made under very unfavourable 
circumstances for the iinprovcment, have fully and 
fairly settled the whole question. The fact is, the mil¬ 
ler’s skill and judgment must always determine the 
quality of his flour; and with this improvement he may 
u.sc 6 bushels of wheat for a barrel of superfine flour, 
or he may make it from 3 30-60, or 3 40-60, or 4 bush¬ 
els, as the condition of the wheat and the circumstances 
may warrant. 

This “ process” may be adapted to any ordinary cus¬ 
tom mill in the same manner as specified for flouring, 
and \vith an expense of from 100 to 150 dollars, which 
would enable it to do a respectable flouring business, 
besides saving to the farmer from 3 to 5 pounds of 
flour, of an improved quality, on every bushel of wheat 


212 


THE AMERTCAN MILLER, 


ground. A stone from 20 to 24 inches would bo suf¬ 
ficient for the purpose, which might be driven with a 
belt where it could not conveniently be attached to 
gearing. The whole of the bran and all that is usually 
taken off for middlings and other stuffs should be ground 
through the small stones immediately as it is bolted; 
after which, it should be thrown into a common bolt, 
and as much of the flour sent continuously to the main 
custom bolt, as the miller desires, and the residue to the 
Iran hag” The expenses would be nominal, as com¬ 
pared with the advantages and savings, which calculated 
at only 3 pounds to the bushel, would amount to 150 
barrels of flour upon every 10,000 bushels of wheat 
ground, which, at $4 per barrel, would amount to the 
snug little sum of ^600 saved to the farming commu¬ 
nity ; and the mill having such an improvement would 
command an amount of business that would abundantly 
compensate it for the trifling expense. Addison J. 
Comstock, of Adrian, (a gentleman who has been 
steadily engaged in milling during the last 15 or 20 
years,) is now making preparation to adapt this improve¬ 
ment to custom grinding,” after thoroughly testing it 
in his flouring mill. 

The right of use for custom mills will be sold ex¬ 
tremely low, and the savings made simply in grinding 
out the tolls” for retail would be a great inducement 
for millers to engage in it, as, in grinding out the tolls 
from every 20,000 bushels of wheat, they would cer¬ 
tainly save 30 barrels of flour, besides giving to the 
community, for which the 20,000 bushels were ground, 


AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 213 

300 barrels of good flour more than they now obtain 
from the same wheat. 

I am now prepared to sell rights to the above improve¬ 
ment, for the use of single mills, for towns, counties, 
or States, having yet the exclusive rights to the follow¬ 
ing States and Territories, viz.: Ohio, Virginia, Michi¬ 
gan, Indiana, Illinois, South Carolina, Missouri, Georgia, 
New Jersey, Mississippi, Florida, Arkansas, New Hamp¬ 
shire, Vermont, Rhode Island, Oregon, and California. 
The remainder of the States are duly assigned to Mr. 
C. Spafibrd, of Tecumseh, who is also ready to put the 
same upon sale. Extra inducements will be ofiered to 
those wishing to purchase the right for a State or Ter¬ 
ritory ; and any one who will first adopt and bring the 
improvement before the public in any one of the above 
named States, (where not already introduced,) may dic¬ 
tate his own terms. The mill must be first class, and 
the proprietor bound to properly adapt his bolting in 
every particular to it. The expense of adopting it, 
aside from the right of use, will vary, according to cir¬ 
cumstances, from $150 to $250, after which it will re¬ 
quire no words to prove its durability and economy. It 
is certainly no objection to it to say that it is very sim¬ 
ple, and does not develope any unknown or very extra¬ 
ordinary principles; on the contrary, these should re¬ 
commend it to all intelligent and practical men. All 
letters addressed to me at Tecumseh, in reference to the 
above, will receive prompt attention. 

D. P. Bonnell. 


Tecumseh, Nov. 17, 1849. 


214 THE AMERICAN MILLER, 

It is but very recently that the patent was issued, and 
that I have been prepared to sell; yet the improvement is 
now in practical operation in Messrs. C. Spafford & 
Co.’s ^‘Tecumseh Mills,” Messrs. Comstock & Jackson’s 
Harrison Mills,” (twenty miles west of Adrian,) 
Messrs. Kennedy & Harris’s Steam Mills, at Jackson, 
and is highly complimented by these last-named gentle¬ 
men, in a late number of the Detroit Bulletin. It is 
also in operation in Mr. Seneca Hale’s “ Sidney Mills,” 
in Shelby county, Ohio. Certificates from the proprie¬ 
tors of these mills will be seen herein. Also, from 
Charles Howard & Co., (Mr. Howard is Mayor of De¬ 
troit,) who are extensively engaged in the flour trade, 
and from Mr. John Copland, one of the best and most 
respectable bakers in that city. 

Messrs. Holly & Johnson, of Buffalo, to whom the 
Tecumseh Mills” flour is consigned, in remitting ac¬ 
count of sales to Mr. C. Spafford, under date of the 7th 
November, say : These are low figures, but the sales 
in both cases were at the ^ top of the market.’ ” 

Mr. S. J. Holley, after critically examining this pro¬ 
cess, in practical operation at the above mill, in writing 
from Buffalo, a few days subsequently, to Mr. Spafford, 
says : You are unquestionably making your barrel of 
superfine flour from 12 pounds less wheat than any mill 
in the State of Michigan.” [It is proper here^ to re¬ 
mark that the machinery so examined was the first put 
up to try the practical working of the invention, and 
before application for a patent was made, and that the 
other machiuer}' of the mill was not well adapted to it.] 


AND millwright’s ASSISTANT, 


1215 


T make the above extracts to show, that although, in 
the opinion of Mr. Holley, the yields by my process are 
from “ 12 pounds less wheat than by any mill in the 
State,” yet the Hour maintains a good reputation, and 
sells at the top of the market.” 


IIEMARKS ON A NEW DESCRIPTION OF BOLTING 
MATERIAL FOR GRIST MILLS. 

This is a late invention of using wire for bolting 
rdoths for mills, and one that gives millers general 
satisfaction, where custom or grist grinding is the princi¬ 
pal use of the same. For the latter kind of mills, wire 
is preferable to cloth, as there is considerable saving in the 
difference of the cost of the bolts. Where wire is used, 
the reels need not be so long by one-third, and for bolt¬ 
ing meal made from damp wheat, it is far preferable 
to cloth. Wire is now manufactured to suit all num¬ 
bers and sizes, ranging from No. 2 to No. 60. Iron 
wire cloth, and brass, from No. 2 to No. 70. No. 60 
iron wire is fine enough for superfine flour, and 30 for 
corn meal. All descriptions of wire can be obtained at 

the manufactory of Sterling Smith, No. 29 Fulton street, 

0 

New York, where all orders can be forwarded by express, 
and a superior article of cloth, of either kind of metal, 
sent. The prices vary from 12^ cents per square foot, 
for tlie coarsest numbers, iron, to 45 cents, the finest 
Fras.s, from 30 cents to 80, for No. 70, the finest. 


216 


TUE AMERICAN MILLER, 




West & Thompson’s Patent, Nevr York City.—Patented June 

27tli, 1848. 

This is one of the first-class inventions of modern 
times for coupling steam and other pipes, and shafts, 























































































































AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 217 

and some other solid bodies, as it greatly facilitates the 
putting them up, and in making repairs, and at less ex¬ 
pense, as it dispenses with drilling of holes, brazing, 
soldering, and fitting up flanches. 

The figure on the preceding page represents two 
flanches, joined each to one of two pieces of pipe, and 
its application in conducting steam. 

P P are pieces of pipe. F F are two flanches, joined 
each to one of the pieces of pipe. It will be ob¬ 
served that the form given to the flanches is of such a 
nature as to retain the clasp in its proper place under 
any pressure of steam. It will also be perceived that 
the inner form of the clasp is so constructed as not to 
bear upon the flanches, only at the parts where the 
pressure is most required, close to the pipe. E E is a 
piece of vulcanized India rubber, or any other packing 
that may be thought necessary. C C is the clasp. 
This is divided into two parts, and this part is repre¬ 
sented with the flanch resting on it. The other part of 
this clasp is represented by the figure to the right, which 
shows its concave part. By placing this over the flanches 
and securing the two parts of the clasp together by 
bolts passing through H H, is all the operation that is 
required in connecting two separate pieces of pipe to¬ 
gether. Every engineer or mechanic will perceive that 
the tighter the clasp is screwed up, the faces of the 
flanches are brought closer together, and the joint is 
thereby made perfectly tight. 

Advantages of this Joint over all others now in uscj 
with a list of prices. —1. The cost is from 25 to 30 per 


218 


THE AMERICAN MILLER; 


cent. less. 2. The labour and expense of brazing oi 
soldering flanches on pipes is obviated; and not required. 
3. There are no holes to drill in the flancheS; washers 
to usC; or grummets to put around the bolts. 4. It only 
requires two, or at most three, bolts for the largest size 
joint; even if they were seven feet in diameter. 6. The 
joints are tighter and stronger, as the pressure is exert¬ 
ed at the neck of the flanch, in close proximity to the 
periphery of the pipe. 6. The cost of packing is one- 
half less, and cannot blow out, as it is confined by the 
grooved segmental clasp. 7. Joints of any size may 
be taken apart, and put together in from five to ten 
minutes. 8. It enables a defective portion of a feed or 
blow-off pipe to be cut out, and a new piece to be put 
in, without involving the stopping of the attached 
engine, or arresting the operation of the attached boiler. 
9. They are more economical in space, weight, cost, 
and repairs, and are applicable to cylinder heads, bon¬ 
nets, steam chests, air pumps, condensers, man-hole 
plates for boilers, stopcocks, nozzles, common and ro¬ 
tary pumps, and all other purposes where joints are re¬ 
quired. 

It will also be evident from the foregoing, to any 
engineer or machinist, and experience has shown, that 
shafts and other solid bodies can be coupled together in 
like manner as hollow pipes or vessels. The flanches, 
instead of solid projections, of the bodies to be united, 
may be made separate, and connected therewith in any 
manner desired. 

In flouring mills, the shafts may be taken down with- 


AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 210 

out interfering with the bridge trees or centres. I'his 
particular alone, makes it preferable to any other cou- 
pling for the purpose, as, in repairing, time and expense 
is saved; and not having to overhaul the centres, whiuh, 
in a large merchant mill, is an item of considerable ex¬ 
pense on the old plan of either clutch or sleeve coupling. 

These couplings are made and kept for sale, and in¬ 
formation respecting them may also be had, by applica¬ 
tion to George D. Baldwin, city of New York. 


F. HARRIS & SON’S PATENT IMPROVED SMUT AND 
SCOURING MACHINE AND FAN. 

Warranted the most durable and best in use. 

Gold Medal awarded by the late Fair of the Ameri¬ 
can Institute, in competition with L. Smith’s and 
others, for the best Smut and Scouring Machines. 

FOR CLEANING ALL KINDS OF GRAIN. 

These machines, invented to hull and pearl rice, cof¬ 
fee, &c., and also for smutting and polishing wheat and 
other grain, have proved themselves unequalled and 
unrivalled, and are warranted superior to any metal ma¬ 
chine ever built, having been thoroughly tried, tested, 
and approved, in place of Messrs. L. Smith’s, Springer’s, 
South worth’s. Groat’s, Johnson’s, and other metal ma¬ 
chines, with the most perfect success. They are now in 
successful operation in some of the first mills in the 
country, among which are the famous Galigo Mills, at 



220 THE AMERICAN MILLER, 



DESCRIPTION OF MACHINE. 

A Frame. 

B Running or centre stone. 

C Case. 

D Fan and spindle. 

E Fan spout. 

J Lower bed-stone. 

K Upper bed-stone. 

N Discharging spout, &c. 






































































AND MTLLWRIOIIT’s ASSISTANT. 


221 


Richmond, Va.; Croton Mills,New York; Revere IMills, 
Rochester; Alex. Ray & Co., Georgetown, D. C.; Smith, 
Patten & Co., Albany, N. Y.; M. D. Wellman, Masil- 
lon, Ohio; Etowah Mills, Ga.; and over one hundred 
and fifty others. Also in Mexico, England, Canada, 
Denmark, and South America, all of which give entire 
satisfaction, and are acknowledged superior to all similar 
machines, being capable (when set the right distance 
apart) of pearling barley or wheat in small quantities 
with ease. They are very durable, and easily kept in 
order, being constructed of three plano-convex stones, 
of a very porous nature, dressed similar to a mill-stone, 
only closer, forming a thorough beating as well as scour¬ 
ing surface, with a heavy open-work case around them, 
for the escape of dust, smut, dirt, &c., (the centre or 
running stone making four hundred revolutions per mi¬ 
nute;) all set into an iron frame, as represented in the 
preceding page, with a new-principled fan or blower at¬ 
tached, rendering a powerful current of air through a ver¬ 
tical or perpendicular spout, so adjusted as to blow out all 
light ingredients, without wasting a particle of grain. 

The grain passes in the machine, as seen in the 
section, at the centre of the top bed-stone around the 
spindle, thence by the centrifugal force is thrown out of 
the convex surface to the periphery of the centre or 
running-stone, passes down between it and the case, and 
so out by the spout near the centre of the lower boa 
stone,—a distance (on our 30-inch machines) of over 
eight feet. They will clean from 15 to 150 bushels per 
hour, according to size, without breaking or wasting the 

19 * 


222 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


grain, and from 70 to 80,000 bushels previous to being 
dressed or picked, which makes them do the work as well 
as when first put up. They can also be set (as necessity 
requires) to suit all kinds of grain, and are well adapted 
for custom mills. They are also very superior for clean¬ 
ing buckwheat. 

The subscribers having been for the last twenty years 
engaged in the Millwright and Milling business, and for 
the last ten years in vending and manufacturing Rice- 
Hulling and Smut Machines, &c., now ofier their im¬ 
proved Smut and Scouring Machines as the most perfect 
ever offered to the public; wishing them at all times and 
places to stand upon their own merits, and knowing the 
great importance of a good one, we will send them on 
three months’ trial, (when requested,) and warrant them 
to do the work superior to any other machine in use. 

The grain from which the flour was made that took 
the premium at the Great World’s Fair, London, was 
cleaned through one of these machines in the Croton 
Mills, New York. 

Advantages over metal machines:— 

1. Being constructed of stones, they are more durable. 

2. The stones can be dressed by any miller once a 
season, which makes them do the work as well as when 
first put up. 

3. The stones can be set or changed (similar to a mill¬ 
stone) to suit any kind or quality of grain. 

4. They have a powerful fan attached, such as no 
other machines possess. 


AND millwright’s ASSISTANT 223 

They will hull and clean buckwheat to perfection, and 
scour off all the fuzz ends of the berry of wheat, and 
still leave the grain in a perfectly smooth and polished 
state. 

In fact, they are warranted less liable to get out of 
order, have a larger scouring surface, do better work, 
than the most durable machines extant. 


LIST OF PllICES, 

With FrameSj Fans, Pidlies, &c., complete. 


No. or size of 
roachiue. 

Bushels per 
hour. 

Size of pulleys 
used, in iuch. 

\ Width of hand 

used, iu iuch. 

Number of 
bushels clean¬ 
ed with one 
dressing. 

[ Price of mar 

chine. 

i 

1 

120 to 150 

18 

8 

150,000 

$250 

2 

90 

120 

18 

7 

130,000 

225 

3 

60 

80 

16 

7 

120,000 

200 

4 

50 

GO 

14 

6 

100,000 

175 

5 

40 

50 

14 

5 

80,000 

150 

6 

25 

40 

13 

5 

70,000 

125 

7 

15 

25 

12 

4 

50,000 

100 

8 

10 

15 

10 

3b 

35,000 

90 


Manufactured and sold at Elizabethtown, N. J., whero 
all orders will receive immediate attention. Millers 
and mill-owners are respectfully invited to give them 
a trial. 


F IIARllIS k SONS- 























COLUMBIAN FOUNDRY, AND BURR MILL-STONE 
MANUFACTORY, 

43, 45, and 47 Duane Street, New York, 

For the manufacture of Steam Engines, Boilers, 
Sugar Mills, Iron and Brass Castings, AVrought Iron 
work. Iron Columns and Pipes, Screws of all kinds, and 
machinery of every description. 

Constantly on hand all kinds of Burr, Holland, and 
Esopus Mill-Stones. Burr Mill-Stones made to order, 
and warranted to be of the best quality. Burr Blocks 
for sale. 


PILKINGTON’S IMPROVED PATENT SMUT MACHINE. 

Mr. AVilliam Luck, of Paterson, New Jersey, is 
now the solo proprietor and manufacturer of this ma¬ 
chine, which has proved itself to be one of unrivalled 






























































































































AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 225 

excellence. It is provided with self-acting oil-feeders to 
the journals, requiring less power, and less danger from 
fire; the price of the machine is but small, and all orders 



PILKINQTON’S IMPROVED PATENT SMUT MACHINE. 


may be addressed to William Luck, Paterson, New Jer¬ 
sey, or Allen & Co., Agents, 191 Water Street, New 
York. This machine is now manufactured in combina¬ 
tion with a winnower and separator, all beautifully 
arranged in one frame, and is the most perfect separator 
and smut machine now in existence, and does its work 
to perfection. The combination machine is called ^^The 
American Grain Cleaner and Separator;” it does away 
entirely with the common rolling-screws, and occupies 
but a small space, and takes less machinery to complete 
the cleaning works of a mill, by one-half. Being myself 
the projector of this double addition of a separator to the 




226 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


Pilkington’s Patent Smut Machine, I now believe that 
we have arrived at perfection in the art of grain clean¬ 
ing. Our separator divides all the impurities, including 
rat-balls, and performs the operation of screening on a 
far better plan than the old rolling screen can do it; as 
fast as the chess and small grain are divided from the 
wheat, they are run into a bin, all ready cleaned for 
grinding. This machine can be made to suit mills of all 
sizes, and all information respecting The American 
Separator, may be addressed to the author at Milford, 
Oakland county, Michigan, or Allen & Co., Agricul¬ 
tural Warehouse, 191 Water Street, New York. 



FRENCH BURR MILL-STONES. 


Morris & Trimble, West Falls Avenue, near Pratt 
Street Bridge, Baltimore, manufacturers of French Burr 
Mill-Stones, warranted of superior quality and work- 
mai»'’hip, being made from burr-blocks of their own im- 






















































AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 


227 


portation, and selected from the best quarries in France 
Constantly on hand a general assortment of Cologne, 
Cocalico and Esopus Mill-Stones, Burr-Blocks, Bolting 
Cloths, Calcined Plaster, &c. Orders from any part of 
the country promptly executed. 

The mill-stones of this firm are taken entirely out of 
wind, and ready for the dress, making a saving in the 
expense of putting them in working order. They 
manufacture their mill-stones from burr-blocks of their 
own importation; and from a long experience in the 
business of making mill-stones, being established since 
the year 1815, and possessing many of the important 
improvements for building mill-stones, they offer many 
inducements to millers requiring a selection of all varie¬ 
ties. The original founders of this house were the Messrs. 
Morris & Egerton, and in continual succession to the 
present parties. Their mill-stones are sent to various 
States, namely: Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, 
and the adjoining counties of Pennsylvania, and to South 
America. Their mill-stones are finished* with cast-iron 
eyes of the most durable construction, being set into the 
eye-blocks with ears well fastened and secure. 


228 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 



FOR MILLERS AND FARMERS. 


No. 1. The Band Wheel. 

2. The Pulley. 

3. Place for putting in the grain. 

4. Where the small light grains, chaff, &c 

are discharged. 

This engraving represents Boothes Grain Separator, 
patented April, 1851; it is recommended to millers and 
farmers as superior to every other machine, possessing 
idvantages over all methods previously adopted for clean- 












































































AND millwright’s assistant. 229 

ing grain. Millers are especially recommended to use 
this machine in preference to all others, as they are 
cheap, easily managed, not likely to get out of order, 
run easy, and with far less power than other machines 
of the kind require. A 30 inch fan, which is the size 
required for a mill of four run of stones, makes about 
450 revolutions to a minute, and cleans 100 bushels an 
hour, price $150; a 20 inch fan, making 560 to 600 
revolutions to a minute, is the size suitable for a mill of 
two run of stones; cleans75 bushels an hour, price $100. 
Hand machine for farmers, cleans 40 bushels per hour, 
price $25 to $30. Orders for machines may be sent to 
Rowland & Erviens, agents for proprietors, 201 South 
Front Street, Philada.; J. E. Mitchell, No. 14 York 
Avenue, above Vine Street, or to the Proprietors, 

Slauson & David, 

No. 9 State House Row, Philadelphia. 

County rights for sale. 

J. L. Booth’s Superior Grain Separator, as invented 
and patented by him in April, 1851, is a first-class ma¬ 
chine, and is recommended to millers as being superior 
to any thing of the kind ever before invented. The 
author of this book, having had over twenty years’ ex¬ 
perience in the construction and management of flouring 
mills, takes pleasure here in stating his own private 
opinion, without having the least personal interest in this 
or any other machine for a similar purpose, that Mr. 
Booth’s Grain Separator is far superior to any thing of 
the kind known for the use of millers. Having had 

20 


230 


THE AMERICAN MILLER. 


personal experience with many other patent machines 
for the same purpose, and known as Childs’s, Sanders’s, 
Hall’s, and others, I do recommend Booth’s, as being infi¬ 
nitely superior to either of those mentioned, both as 
regards cleaning grain better and using less power also, 
which is a great consideration to millers generally, as all 
millers know that saving power is saving money; and 
in view of the above facts I have given Booth’s Grain 
Separator the preference as a useful machine, in this my 
last edition of The American Miller. 

J. N. & D. Elmore, of Elmira, New York, have pur¬ 
chased of Mr. Booth a considerable portion of the State 
of New York, and are now making them at Elmira, 
where parties wanting Booth’s Grain Separator can be 
supplied at their manufactory. Also Ginn & Jones, of 
Winchester, Virginia, are the sole proprietors of J. L. 
Booth’s Grain Separator for that State, where all orders 
for the machine should be addressed. 

This machine has a perforated copper riddle, giving a 
smooth surface for taking out rat-balls, an improvement 
not known in other machines for that purpose. For 
further information, address J. L. Booth, Manufacturer, 
Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio. 

MITCHELL’S PHILADELPHIA FRENCH BURR MILL¬ 
STONES, 

Made on an improved plan, with Kenderdine's Cast-iron Eye, 
Self-adjusting Irons, and Bed-stone Bush, Warranted. 

The advantages of this arrangement over the old plan 
are, 1st. The perfect accuracy with which the stones can 
be built, by means of a sliding frame fitted into the 



AND millwright’s assistant. 


231 


groove intended for the balance-ryne, and finislied with 
a stiff tram, 11, which not only keeps the face of the 
stone perfectly true, but exactly at right angles to the 
balance-ryne. 

2d. The saving of expense and trouble in setting in 
irons, and the ease with which these can be altered as the 
stone wears away, by simply shortening the blocks, E E 
These irons are also self-trammimj: the point of the 
spindle resting in a groove, which allows the horns of the 
driver to come to an equal bearing, and causing the stone 
to wear evenly. The driver being furnished with a flange 
fitting over a smaller one on the cap of bed-stone bush, pre¬ 
vents any dust or sand getting to the neck of spindle. 

The bed-stone bush is a simple application of wooden 
followers, (which experience has proven to bo the best,) 
made wedge-shape, so that they can be tightened while 
the stones are at work. 

These improvements (of which we have the exclusive 
right) having been in use for some time past, and in 
every case given satisfaction, we can safely recommend 
them to Millers as superior to any other plan now in use; 
and as all our materials are selected at the quarries in 
France, we can warrant our Mill-stones to be superior in 
every respect. 

N. B.—Bolting cloths of all numbers. Mill-picks, &c 

J. E. Mitchell, 

Importer of Grindstones, and sole agent for the celebrated Gam- 
kirk Fire-bricks, Chimney-tops, Vases, and Glazed Water- 2 npes, 
a cheap and durable substitute for iron. No. 14 York Avenue, 
{Old York Road,) above Vine street, Philada. 



DESCRIPTION. 

A Spindle. 

B Driver keyed to neck of spindle, with hornai 
working in. 

C The Balance-ryne. 

D Cast-iron Eye, built firmly into the runner, as 
above. 

E E Blocks of hard wood fitted into same groove 

O 

with the Balance-ryne, and lengthened or 
shortened to suit the bearing of the stone. 

F F Bed-stone Bush. 

G G Oil-boxes, with lamp-wicks for greasing neck of 
spindle. 

FI II Wooden Followers fitted to neck of spindle, and 
tightened when necessary by means of screws 
below. 
































AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 


23B 



20* 






































































































































234 THE AMERICAN MILLER, 

The mill-stone establishment of J. E. Mitchell is tlie 
only one in Eastern Pennsylvania where I found a very 
superior quality of mill-stones. He is by far the largest 
dealer in Philadelphia, and millers can suit themselves 
with any thing in his line, being sure that the articles 
are fully as good as recommended. Mr. Mitchell keeps 
a superior article of mill-picks for sale, and all his prices 
are reasonable. 


A HISTORY OF THE FRENCH BURR. 

The following natural history of this most important 
of the stone species, was presented us by Mr. J. E. 
Mitchell, Mill-stone Manufacturer of Philadelphia. It 
contains valuable and interesting information for millers, 
and will be read with pleasing satisfaction by all our 
American millers j 

For in “ all the stone that this eartF^ is blest. 

We millers think French Burr the best. 

Four National Gold IMedals have been awarded to 
IMonsieur Roger fils, for the superior quality of his mill¬ 
stones and burr-blocks. 

MILL-STONES AND BURR-BLOCKS OF LA FERTE-SOUS- 

JOUARRE. 

Establishment founded in 1802. 

An extract from the Report of the National Academy 
of Paris on the Quarries and Mill-stone yards of M. 
Roger fils, at La Per! e-sous-Jouarre : 



AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 235 

The Committee of Arts and Manufactures of the Na¬ 
tional Academy of Paris appointed a special Committee 
to visit the produce of the Manufactory of M. Roger fils, 
Mill-stone maker, at La Ferte-sous-Jouarre. 

The above Committee, consisting of men of special 
knowledge, and chosen among the members of the said 
Academy, hastened to fulfil their mandate, and proceeded 
forthwith to La Ferte-sous-Jouarre. 

The Committee give the following account of their 
proceedings: 

From time immemorial, the mill stone of La Ferte- 
sous-Jouarre has been acknowledged as being infinitely 
superior to any other. Various quarries exist in France, 
Spain, Germany, and in almost all the other countries 
of Europe, but they are valueless when compared to the 
workings under our present examination. This fact is 
unquestionable, and is fully established by innumerable 
experiments; it is of public notoriety that the grinding- 
stones of La Ferte-sous-Jouarre perform much more 
work, yield meal much whiter and of much better quality 
than any others, are enabled to grind to the greatest per¬ 
fection the corn of every country, and moreover are 
made so as to last from forty to fifty years at least. 

These immense advantages insure them preference 
wherever they are known, although their price be higher 
than that of any others; but the results obtained by all 
those who use them, are so highly important, that all 
intelligent millers do not make the pecuniary question a 
consideration, for the grinding-stones are the principal 
organs of the mill. We will add that the establishments 


236 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


in the environs of Paris are indebted for the very great 
repute in which their produce is held, to the exclusive 
use of the grinding-stones of La Ferte-sous-Jouarre. 

^‘This little town, situated in the valley of the IMarnc, 
(Seine-et-Marne,) and crossed by the latter as well as by 
the Paris and Strasburg railway, which greatly facilitate 
the egress of its produce, is surrounded by hills in which 
are embedded strata of a stone composed of pure silica 
earth, slightly coloured by ferruginous deposits. This 
is the material which is now used in the composition of 
good grinding-stones, and which, at the same time as it 
has established the reputation of La Ferte-sous-Jouarre, 
has bestowed on France a branch of industry to which 
every other country is now, and ever will remain, tri¬ 
butary. 

“The range of knolls which encircle the town is di¬ 
vided into three principal hills: 

“ To the north, on the left bank of the Marne, rises 
the Tarterel; to the south, the eye rests on the pictu¬ 
resque hill of Jouarre, separated from the valley of the 
Marne by the minor Morin, into which it descends; to 
the west, on the right bank of the Marne, mns the 
eminence which contains the quarry of La Justice. 

“The Tarterel itself, contains in general, within its 
strata, but a light salt-grey flint, with large openings, 
which is no longer in repute in consequence of the im¬ 
provements made in the art of corn-grinding. 

“But at the foot of the hill, beds of stone are to be 
found which are deservedly much esteemed. The quar¬ 
ries which arc situated on the same line, on this side of 


AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 237 

the Tarterel, produce a violet and pinkish flint, very 
appropriate to every system of grinding. The quarries 
of Bois-des-Cheneaux, in particular, which line the 
former, and of which the stone is light-yellowish, sharp, 
not brittle, and very strong, is considered as producing 
first-rate materials for grinding-stones. 

^^The hill of Jouarre produces a great abundance of 
grinding-stones of various species. It contains good 
veins, but the strata are in general of little consistence, 
the beds are not well connected, and the stone yielded, 
which is a blue-slaty colour, light-blue and grey, is full 
of small porosities. The quarries of La Justice give 
large quantities of dark-blue, light-blue, light-grey, 
yellowish-grey, and sometimes white flint, with small 
openings. 

^‘The quality of this stone is in very high repute 
since the introduction of the English system of grinding. 

^^The valley of the Marne, in the direction of Cha- 
teaux-Thierry, and nearly as far as Epcrnay, contains 
several beds of stone which are, at the present moment, 
in active working. The principal quarries are those of 
Villieurs-aux-Pierres, Domptin, Chart6ves, Orbais, Marg- 
ny, and Lcs Souvriens. The stone of these quarries, 
which is mostly of the same quality and colour as that 
of the other quarries of La Fert^-sous-Jouarre, is prin¬ 
cipally used in the manufacture of burr-stones, and is, 
in consequence, in great demand for exportation. 

^Mt would be extremely difficult to state at what pre¬ 
cise period La Ferte-sous-Jouarre discovered the treasure 
which was ultimately to afford an easy and honest livo- 


238 THE AMERICAN MILLER, 

lihood to its inhabitants. One fact is unquestionable, 
namely, that for several centuries past, excavations have 
been successively made with the most extraordinary 
good fortune, and that the results of such excavations 
have been exceedingly productive. 

^^But La Fert6 does not enjoy exclusively the privi¬ 
lege of producing stones for grinding purposes. Some 
ten or twelve years ago, chance discovered, near the town 
of Epernon, a stratum of molar quartz, of which the 
flint, sometimes grey, blue, or white, although it does 
not afford to the French millers every quality that is to 
be found in the stone extracted at La Fert6, must never¬ 
theless be considered as a formidable rival for its pre¬ 
decessor in the ultramarine countries where it arrives in 
burr-stones;, and the activity which is to be witnessed 
in the quarries of Saint-Lucien and Boches, shows, be¬ 
yond doubt, that the trade of such stones has become a 
very important branch for foreign exportation. La 
Fert6-sous-Jouarre itself affords a striking proof of the 
fact, that the stone of Epernon has a very positive merit, 
since the manufacturers in the former town make use of 
it for their mill-stones. 

^‘Now that you are acquainted with the various beds 
of grinding-stone, it is important that you should have 
described to you, as succinctly as possible, the various 
systems of grinding which have been adopted, up to the 
present day; because these various systems require seve¬ 
rally a special quality of stone, and because it is this 
requisite that has given to the various quarries the re¬ 
pute into which they have arisen. 


AND millwright’s assistant. 


239 


Id former days, large blocks of stone were extracted 
from the quarry. These blocks were made into grind¬ 
ing-stones of a single piece, or of two or three pieces, 
grossly put together, and the grinding-stones were de¬ 
livered in this state to the mills. 

‘^Such grinding-stones had no furrows; but in order 
that the stones should have a certain sharpness, that 
which had large cavities, or openings, was selected in 
preference to any other. 

These stones, which were very large and had large 
openings, were called French stones. 

Some forty years ago, the English discovered that 
by cutting in the grinding-stones a stated number of fur¬ 
rows, traced so as to facilitate the grinding without 
thwarting the effect of centrifugal motion, a stone with 
small openings might be used to advantage, and the cir¬ 
cumference of the grinding-stone might be considerably 
decreased, without in any way diminishing the quantity 
or perfection of the work. This system proved highly 
successful, and hence the name of English mill-stones, 
given to those of this description in France. 

‘‘The grinding-stone manufacturers of La Ferte, who 
had at their immediate convenience the best materials, 
who were acquainted with the wants of the French mill- 
industry, (which has its superiority over that of all 
Europe,) and who were making wide strides toward 
improvement and perfection, were very soon able to make 
English grinding-stones. They added to the latter sys¬ 
tem a third one, consisting of stones having rather larger 
porosities, and which, on the account of the furrows, 


240 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


they called semi-English. But as they were aware that 
it is importaut, in order that the grinding-stone should 
oe perfect, that none of its working parts should be 
softer than the other; that all should have the same 
grain, the same porosity, the same colour, and that con¬ 
sequently in stones made of a single block, chance alone 
could determine the good or bad quality, they forthwith 
manufactured grinding-stones, made up of a great num¬ 
ber of pieces, all exactly similar, taking care to suit their 
choice to the custom of the country in which the mill¬ 
stones are to work, to the grinding-system adopted by 
the miller, and lastly to the nature of the grain to be 
ground. 

“ Since then this business has sprung into an art, the 
manufacture of mill-stones requiring quite a special 
knowledge, and an ability not acquired by everybody. 

^‘Tbe manufacturer, in the first place, makes choice 
of the required stone for the formation of the grinders; 
this choice being made, he next sets about making up 
fuch stone. 

He begins by the centre-piece or eye-stone, which is 
most generally of a single piece, and must be of great 
solidity, particularly for the runner, for it is in this eye- 
stone that the iron cross, by which the stone is suspended, 
must be fixed. Bound this centre-piece are set and 
fixed with plaster, the choice pieces previously bound 
together, and to which, as much as possible, the same 
thickness in the corresponding angles has been given. 
These pieces give the grinding-stone the circumference 
it is desired to attain. 


AND millwright’s assistant. 241 

“At present the joints of these several pieces are 
made with such nicety and precision, that it is almost 
impossible to see that the stone is not of a single piece. 

“When the stone has, in this manner, reached the 
required size, it is handed over to the smith, who en¬ 
circles it by a large hot hoop, to hold the different pieces 
together; from the smith it passes into the dressing 
department, where, by the help of rulers perfectly 
straight, its surface is made even. The latter operation 
being completed, it passes into the hand of the furrow- 
cutter, who makes and traces its divisions, and cuts iu 
its surface a number of furrows, according to the quality 
of the stone, or to the nature of the grinding for which 
it is intended. 

“The next process is to give sufficient aperture to the 
eye, and then the stopping-up process, which consists 
of filling up the upper face with a sort of masonry, com¬ 
posed of small pieces of mill-stones and plaster, and thus 
giving the necessary weight and thickness. The bed¬ 
stone docs not require to be balanced; this is not the 
case with the upper one or runner, which, having to re¬ 
volve on a pivot, requires, as near as possible, its weight 
to be uniform in all its parts. 

“As, in spite of all the care that is taken to balance 
the runner, it might happen that this would not be ac¬ 
quired to perfection, room is left in the stopping-up to 
place a few boxes parallel to each other. These boxes 
are intended as receptacles for lead, when in the mill a 
perfect equilibrium of the grinding-stones is requisite, 
before the latter can be applied to their work. 



242 


THE A^IERICAN MILLER, 


^^The filling-up operation being terminated, a second 
hoop of cold iron is adapted to maintain the whole; then 
the stone is left to dry for several days, to wait the effect 
of the plaster, which almost always produces a certain 
dilatation throughout the whole. 

The dressing of the working-surface is then com¬ 
pleted by means of sharp mill-bills; the part of the 
stone adjacent to the eye, and through which the grain 
is introduced, is then made regular, as well as the inter¬ 
mediate part in which the grain is bruised, and also the 
part next to the circumference which serves at last to 
pare the meal. 

Lastly, a third hoop of cold iron is adapted. This is 
solely to preserve the edge during conveyance from the 
factory to the place where the mill-stone is to be put up, 
and to prevent its being damaged by friction or other 
accident. 

^^The manufacture of a mill-stone requires about a 
month’s care and work. It cannot be put into the trade 
before the expiration of that delay. 

“ The manufacture of burr-stones is fir from requiring 
the same precision: it consists solely in cutting the stone 
on every side, after every part of such stone not deemed 
fit has been separated from it. 

<^But when it is required to join together the various 
pieces to deliver them over to the manufacturer, the 
classification of these requires a practical knowledge, 
rarely to be met with. For it is important, the same 
as for grinding-stones, to consider the hardness, grain, 
porosity, and colour; and to consult the grinding sys- 


AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 24^* 

tom in use in the countries to which the article is to be 
sent, as well as the nature of the wheat grown by such 
countries. 

The committee have been enabled to admire, in the 
various working-yards of M. Eoger, the manufacture 
of mill-stones, carried to the highest state of perfection. 

‘^This skillful manufacturer extracts his stone from 
the quarries of Bois des Cheneaux, la Justice du Bois 
de la Barre, la Plaine, Villiers-aux-Pierres, Domptin, 
Chart^res, Orbais, Margny, les Souvriens, all situated 
in the valley of the Marne, and from those of Saint- 
Lucien, and les Roches, at Epernon. These works are 
on a very large scale, and yield produce fit for every 
system of grinding, and also every kind of burr-stones 
for exportation. lie makes every year four or five hun¬ 
dred mill-stones of different qualities; all, however, are 
of most excellent choice and unquestionable superiority, 
which he sends to order into every part of France, 
England, Germany, and Belgium. But the most im¬ 
portant branch of his industry, his speciality, as it were, 
is the manufacture of burr-stones; 24,000 of these 
stones, from his quarries at La Ferte, and a quantity at 
least as large from those at Epernon, were exported by 
him last year to England, Italy, Germany, Russia, and 
America. Such considerable exportation enables him to 
give constant occupation in his work-yards to upward 
of 300 workmen, and, by these means, to provide a 
great number of families with honest subsistence. 

^‘We have no reason to be surprised that a reward 
should have been awarded to him at the exhibitions of 


244 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


Paris in 1844 and 1849, and at that of London in 
1851. 

‘^Our committee therefore begs to refer to your com¬ 
mittee on rewards, the name of the distinguished manu¬ 
facturer whom they have introduced to your notice.^^ 

Keport unanimously adopted. 

This April 21st, 1852, the National Academy, in its 
sitting at the Hotel-de-Ville of Paris, voted a Medal to 
M. Roger fils for the careful preparation of his mill and 
burr-stones. 



NEYIIART’S IMPROVr!D GREASE-COLLAR, FOR MILL 
SPINDLES AND UPRIGHT SHAFTS. 


This engraving represents a grease-collar, for mill- 
spindles and upright shafts of all descriptions, running 
perpendicularly. 

A represents the top cap or cover. 

B one section of the oil-chamber. 

C the flanges, by which the collar is screwed fast 
the corner blocks of the bush. 





AND MILWRIGIIT’s ASSISTANT. 


245 


D is where the screws enter the collar, fastening both 
the cap A, and the leather packing, through which the 
spindle passes at F. 

E is a short wick, about four inches long, passing 
through the oil-chamber to the spindle from each of the 
four holes, as shown at E. The tallow should be cut up 
fine, and packed on top of the wick till the whole space 
round the spindle is full. 

This, to us, seems to be of more real importance than 
many millers may at first imagine. It requires but to 
be seen to be liked, as it docs away with greased rags 
and leather collars, an annoyance to the whole milling 
community who are obliged to use them, and preserves 
the spindle from getting loose, which is a great detri¬ 
ment to millers, making extra work every time the stones 
are dressed. The spindle requires altering and training 
over, as well as saving a great deal of power, for as soon 
as the spindle-neck gets loose, the fulcrum of the main 
centre becomes altered, which materially assists to keep 
the stone in bad face, and otherwise injure the yields by 
bad grinding. 

We have the opinion of all the best millers who use 
Mr. Neyhart’s Patent Collar, all agreeing in the state¬ 
ment, that they should be used by all millers who wish 
their mills kept in good order. The price of those 
collars is nothing in comparison to their utility. All 
orders for them may be addressed to the author at Mil¬ 
ford, Oakland, Co., Michigan. The price each, for 
single set, or for one run of stone, is $3; for two run, 
S5; for four run, $10. 


246 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


They are warranted to give perfect satisfaction, or the 
money returned. 


ROBERTS’ IMPROVED SFIUTE FOR THE IIOWD WATER- 

WHEEL. 

The following is from the Scientific American; it 
describes an improved method of construction for the 
Howd Wheel, and we think worthy of the notice of all 
persons who may prefer this wheel above others, but we 
do not think Mr. Roberts should appropriate any more 
of this wheel to his own inventive genius than the 
adjusting of the shute alone, as, in every other particular, 
the wheel is the same as it was used over ten years ago, 
and was always much liked, but is now entirely eclipsed 
by Jagger’s Improved Turbine, which is far superior to 
any other wheel within our knowledge, for all purposes. 

The annexed engraving is a bird’s-eye view, with the 
upper rim removed, of an improvement in adjustable 
shutes for water-wheels, for which a patent was granted 
to Elijah Roberts, of Rochester, N. II., on the 4th of 
April, 1854! 

A is a centre-vent water-wheel, with its vertical shaft, 
B. The curved buckets, D' D' D', are so placed as to 
receive the direct action of the water from the shutes, 
—introduced on the periphery of the wheel. The under 
side is open, and the upper closed with a stationary cover, 
thus avoiding the weight of the water upon the wheel. 
E E is an annular ring to which the shutes are connected 



f 


















































































AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 247 

by rods, K K. The annular ring is supported by four 
grooved rollers. G G are pinions gearing into the an¬ 
nular ring. J is a shaft with worm gear, /, on its ends 
meshing into cogs on the small wheel, II. The pinions, 
G, are secured on vertical spindles, I I. 1i h are pins 
inserted in the annular ring, and e e are cogs on this 
ring meshing into the pinions, G. L L represent a cis¬ 
tern containing the wheel. This is a description of the 
parts. 

The object of this improvement is to regulate and 
control the water advantageously when applied to the 
periphery of a wheel on a vertical shaft. The nature 
of the invention, therefore, consists in the arrangement 
of the device by which the water has an advantageous 
direction given to it in passing through the adjustable 
shutes; combined with the sliding rods for opening the 
shutes, also in the mode of hanging the shutes on fixed 
rods passing loosely through them, by which means the 
clamping of them is avoided, when the bolts holding 
the rims together are tightened; also the means for si¬ 
multaneously opening these shutes by the annular ring¬ 
gearing. 

In his statement of the advantages of this improve¬ 
ment, the inventor says:—^‘The nature of my improve¬ 
ment is such that the water is applied with the same 
advantage and economy, when carrying one quarter, as 
its whole load. When driving a number of machines 
in a factory, and any one or more is thrown off, by which 
change of load the wheel would be left to increase in 
velocity, causing irregularity in the other machinery to 



248 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


be driven, its speed can be regulated in one-tentli pari 
of the time that a breast-wheel of more than 15 feet in 
diameter can under the same circumstances. 

“The improvement is a complete remedy for the diffi¬ 
culty in regulating the quantity of water and speed of 
the Ilowd or United States Water-wheel, whicli has been 
in so many instances condemned and thrown aside on 
account of the circular or hoop-gate, the difficulty in 
hoisting and shutting said gate, and regulating the speed 
of the wheel, and wasting water. It is well known by 
all who use the Howd or United States Wheel, that the 
water is introduced into the conductor under the gate in 
a horizontal form, when the gate is half way up, at a 
right angle with the gate, thus spending a great part of 
its force against the back side of the shute; then its form 
is changed to a perpendicular position before it is dis¬ 
charged on the wheel, and is in a great degree reduced 
to froth and foam, so that, in order to run one-fourth of 
the load of the wheel at proper speed, it is necessary to 
run three-fourths as much water as it would require to 
run the whole load of said wheel. In this improvement 
the hoop-gate is dispensed with, and the apertures opened 
horizontally, and the water is applied at the whole height 
and the thickness required, the water passing at its full 
velocity, whether the apertures are open one-fuurth of 
an inch or one and a half inches; and said apertures or 
shutes are connected (when the wheel is running) to the 
regulator, and may be opened at full size, or entirely 
closed to stop the wheel. 

“Iversons using the TIowd or United States Wheel, of 


AND xMILLWRIGIIT’s ASSISTANT. 


249 


good construction, can have the improvement applied at 
small expense, and thereby be enabled to run as much 
machinery with water as with the breast-wheel; said^ 
wheels with the water applied in this way, are, in eco¬ 
nomy of water, equal to the breast-wheel, and in other 
respects superior.^^ 

More information may be obtained by letter addressed 
to Mr. Roberts. 



CENTRAL DISCHARGE WATER-WHEEL. 

The engraving represents a view of the Central Dis¬ 
charge Water-wheel—a wheel that has no superior on 








250 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


Btreams where back-water is not continually troublesome. 
This is the cheapest and best wheel in existence for grist 
mills exclusively. The number of buckets generally used 
are from 4 to 8, according to the size of the wheel. The 
wheel is made as follows: The eye can be obtained of 
iron of various sizes, and the buckets are made of three- 
inch oak plank, 14 inches wide, and chamfered at the 
outer edge, as represented in the engraving. The water 
goes on in a scroll shute, as seen at 2; 1 represents the 
curb that encloses the wheel; 4, the buckets; 5, the 
place where the water leaves the wheel; 3, is the eye; 
and if the iron eyes cannot be obtained easily, the wheel 
may be made of wood entirely, and in this case the 
buckets can be framed into each other, and answers a 
good purpose, if a wooden shaft is used. 

W. W. WALLACE, FRENCH BURR MILL-STONES AND 
STEAM-ENGINE MANUFACTURER. 

319 AND 321 Liberty Street. Pittsburg, Pa. 

The engraving represents 0. Lull’s Patent Smut 
IMachine, made of a burr-block, concave, and usually 
called ^‘The Burr-stone Smut Machine.’^ The Messrs. 
Wallace are the owners of this machine for the United 
States, and are manufacturing the same at their manu¬ 
factory at Pittsburg, where millers will find every thing 
in their line, from a mill-stone to a tomb-stone, of the 
best quality. 

Their Smut Machines are of four sizes, and vary in 
price from 880 to 8200. Messrs. Wallace arc also ex¬ 
tensive mill furnishers, such as steam-engines, and all 



AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 


251 



THE BURR-STONE SMUT MACHINE. 


other machinery wanted by millers. This hrm is com¬ 
posed of practical men themselves, who are good judgef^ 
of the construction of all descriptions of machinery. 


J, H. BURROW’S PATENT PORTABLE GRIST AND 
FLOURING MILL. 

Cincinnati, Ohio. 

These celebrated Portable Mills are manufactured b^ 
J. II. Burrows, West Front street^ Cincinnati, and are 
now the best thing of the kind known. They are made 
in a strong, substantial manner, and not liable to get out 
of order, like other portable mills. They have been se¬ 
verely tested, and found to be just the thing wantcil, as 














































































































252 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 



PORTABLE MILL. 


they make flour as fast as the largest size stone, and are 
quite durable. These mills have come into general use 
both in the south and southwest. They are put to 
work like the large stone, driving the same way. The 
main feature consists in a cast-iron back, which is a 
great improvement in the construction of portable mills, 
as the necessary weight required is reduced to a very 
small compass. 

Burrows & Co. are also the owners and manufacturers 
of the Acorn and Cob Grinder, which for convenience 
has no rival. Their mill-gearing patterns are of the latest 
improved kind, including Water-wheels, Steam-Engines, 
and all other kinds of machinery wanted by millers. 

J.H. Burrows particularly invites the milling public to 
examine the mills themselves, in and about Cincinnati, 
where they have gone extensively into use for making 
the best family flour, within the last three or four years, 

























































AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 


253 


and warranted by tlie manufacturer not to be excelled in 
making flour by any large or small stone in the Union. 

They can be managed by any ordinary miller of even 
corn-field sense, which is a great feature in their favour; 
and while other patent mill vendors send theirs to Crys¬ 
tal Palaces, and other places, for public notoriety, Bur¬ 
rows is filling and sending away large orders for his, to 
Oregon, California, New Orleans, Cuba, and other places, 
where they are extensively known. 



JOSEPH JOHNSTON’S PATENT SMUT MACHINE AND 


BRAN-DUSTER. 


Wilmington, Delaware. 

]\Ir. JosErii Johnston is extensively engaged in the 
manufacture of his Sinut-machiucs and Brau-dusteis. 1 
















254 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


visited this gentleman at his place of business, and 
found him personally engaged for the benefit of all those 
millers who may desire a good machine of either descrip¬ 
tion. Within a few days he has secured a patent for a 
further improvement of his celebrated Bran-duster, 
which now stands unrivalled for the perfect performance 
of its work. All orders for either of his machines, 
should be addressed to himself at Wilmington, Delaware. 


W. & E. WARD’S FRENCH BURR MILL-STONE MANU¬ 
FACTORY, CINCINNATI, OHIO. 

Having visited this establishment personally, I find 
many improvements in the construction of their French 
Burr Mill-stones, that fully warrant the assertion that 
they intend to keep up with the times. 

They are manufacturing mill-stones from both quar¬ 
ries, old and new, of superior workmanship; the backs 
are put on by a machine gotten up expressly for that 
purpose, which allows the stone when finished to be 
nearly in perfect balance; the eye of the mill-stone is 
put in on an entirely new plan, by which the greatest ac¬ 
curacy is obtained in centering the eye; and millers 
who design purchasing mill-stones, together with that 
desirable brand of bolting cloth known as “Defour’s 
Dutch Anchor Brand Bolting Cloth,’' together with all 
other articles usually kept by mill-furnishers, such as 
light and heavy hoisting-screws, screen wire, Damsal’s 
Leather Belting of all sizes, at manufacturers’ prices. 
Cannot do better in Cincinnati, than the facilities of the 
Messrs. Ward’s furnish. 



AND MILLWEIGHT’s ASSISTANT. 


255 



W. & E. WARD'S PATENT SMUT MACHINE. 


This engraving represents tlieir Patent Smut-Machine, 
said to be the best in use; by examination the main 
features required to do the work properly will be seen 
at a glance; the construction of the cylinder at letter A 
shows the formation of the same; B represents the en¬ 
closed fan at the top of the machine; C the feed spout, 
and I) the delivery for the wheat; the strong upward 
draft, in combination with the great scouring surhice^ 
thows it to be a first class machine, and requiring but 















































256 


THE AMERICAN MILLER 


little power to drive it. Being constructed entirely of 
iron, it is tire-proof, and made to suit mills of all sizes; 
and I recommend it to all millers wanting a good machine. 


DRESS FOR A FOUR FOOT BURR MILL-STONE, FOUR¬ 
TEEN QUARTERS, THREE BURROWS EACH. 



Draft 4 inches to hack of leading furrow. 

Furrows 1J inches wide, and 4 inch deep at eye. 
Furrows 1J inches wide, and inches deep at skirt. 
Lands 2 inches at skirt, taper to 1 inoh at eye. 
Form of furrow. 


This engraving represents a mill-stone dress for the 
New Stock Stone, and will work well in any stock, if 
put in right We should prefer putting it in with but 








AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 


257 


two furrows to the quarter, having not less than 42 furrows 
in close stone, and a proportionable number in open ones. 

KINMAN’S SELF-DISCHARGING FLOUR CHEST AND 

TRESS COMBINED. 



A Ilevel gearing attached to the press. C Coupling. 
1) The driving-pulley. F Flour chest. 

This is one of the best inventions that has ever come 

to our notice for packing flour, its arrangements being 

22 * 


\ 




















































258 


THE AMERICAN MUXERj 

quite simple and compact. The above cut represents 
the form, in perspective view, of the whole apparatus. 

To mills doing a large business, one of these machines 
will pay for itself in one season. 


M. & W. LIVINGSTON, 

Importers of Burr-stones and Bolting Cloths, and 
manufacturers of Burr Mill-stones, No. 8 Greenwich 
street, near the Battery, New York. 


FOWLER & GO’S. PITTSBURG MTLL-FURNISIIING 
ESTABLISIliMENT. 

' During my recent visit to Pittsburg, I called at the 
establishment of Fowler & Co., and was highly pleased 
with the many improvements there to be found in the 
art of making mill-gearing. The old-fashioned plan of 
using heavy, coarse pitches and twisting patterns, is 
entirely dispensed with, and this firm, through the inge¬ 
nuity and skill which they have adopted, are now manu¬ 
facturing the best mill-gearing I have ever found. The 
teeth of all the lighter gearing are cut by machinery 
in a more perfect style than can be done by hand, be¬ 
sides being w^ell-proportioncd in all those points requiring 
streno-th. 

O 

The Pearl Mills, located in Alleghany City, were sup¬ 
plied with machinery from this establishment, and a 




AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 250 

handsomer or better-constructed mill is not to be found, 
consisting of ten run of stones, and capable of making 
700 barrels of flour daily. This firm are also manufac¬ 
turing Frencli Burr Mill-stones of the best quality, and 
are the sole agents in Pittsburg for that celebrated arti¬ 
cle of Dutch bolting cloth, known as Defoe & Co.’s, of 
Holland; which can also be obtained of M. Dedrick, 
No. 55 Stone street, New York. 

The patterns used by Messrs. S. S. Fowler & Co. 
in the manufacture of all kinds of mill-gearing, are of 
cast-iron, embracing nearly all the smaller-sized wheels 
of 300 pounds and under. 

Millers requiring any article in their line can be ac¬ 
commodated by addressing them by mail or otherwise. 


E. B. FOSTER, STENCIL ENGRAVER, 

No. 260 North Third Street, west side, Philadelphia. 

Millers requiring a superior mill-brand for flour, of 
all varieties of letters to suit the tastes of those using 
fancy brands, can order by mail or express. Mill- 
brands cut on sheet brass, or copper, any size letter, for 
from G|- to 8 cents per letter, being about one-third 
less than is usually paid for the same style of letter 
in llochester, N. Y., the great emporium for miller’s 
merchandise. I visited Mr. Foster’s Mill-brand Manu¬ 
factory, and can fully recommend his work to the mill¬ 
ing public. Address him as above. 



260 


THE a:\iertcan miller, 


JONVAL TURBINE WATER-WHEEL. 

The following article respecting tliis wheel is talien 
from a pamphlet presented to me by the proprietor for 
the United States, Mr. E. Geyelin, Hydraulic Engineer 
at the Franklin Institute, Philadelphia. 

I give all or as much of the description found there 
as will explain its operations to most persons versed in 
milling. Many parts of the description necessary for a 
full understanding of the wheel I found entirely want¬ 
ing in Mr. Geyelin’s pamphlet, and I have taken the 
liberty of adding in this article what I conceive to be 
necessary. 

As the proprietor has himself, in his article, given but 
a partial description of the wheel and its parts in his 
sketch at Fig. 1, Plate I., I continue the same from 
Fig. 2, which describes the formation and position of 
the guides. The arrows represent the double action of 
the water discharging from said guides against the mova¬ 
ble or Turbine wheel. 

Plate I, Fig. III. represents the relative position of 
the Turbine with the upper and lower level of the fall, 
which, as you will perceive, he placed about midway 
between both levels; II representing the upper level, 
L representing the lower level, and K the position of 
the Turbine 

The proprietor claims that the Turbine icill 2 '>roclucc 
an equal in that position as if said wheel were 

placed on the bottom of the fall, or at L. Eeason, that 
an air-tight cylinder submerged in the lower level of 


fig. 1. 


Tier 



Fig. «. 


Fig. 3. 


JONVAL’S TURBINE.— Paqk 260. 


































































































‘■‘Vhi^ I 

1^ 

1^; : 

*.-:v <>v;^ 


W" 


-- 

• ■ . 


V *r '' 

. 

ft 

4 


-# v’ 


- ,.•- ( 


"■■/.a*,'- 

.A >%v : .’v 

■ ■ . *1^ .r- *-..i^V 

(TC' ^ -7: viv ' ; ';4 ..^V'.rfc 





AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 201 

the fall through which the water leaving the Turhinc 
has to pass, creates a tendency of vacuum proportionate 
to the height the water falls in the air-tight tube, which, 
according to numerous practical experiments made of 
Turbines of one hundred and more horse-power, down 
to Turbines of four and five horse-power, leaves no doubt 
of its truth. 

This tendency of vacuum remains always proportion¬ 
ate to an equal amount of pressure, and is termed suc¬ 
tion, and can only be used to a height of 25 feet. The 
practical advantages derived from having the Turbine a 
few feet higher than the water in the tail race, are very 
important. The wheel can be examined, and the step 
changed, without having to work in the water, and the 
motion is not retarded by back-water. In winter, and in 
time of freshets, this feature of the wheel becomes very 
important. 

Plate II. represents a section of the cylinder contain¬ 
ing a Turbine; the wheel is represented by the letter A, 
and the shutes which guide the water for action, by the 
letter D. 

Plate III. is the representation of a Jonval Turbine 
at the Fairmount Water-works, which supply the city of 
Philadelphia with water. During four years it has 
worked daily with entire satisfiiction, and has in that 
time never been stopped for repair. We read in the 
Superintendent’s report of 1853 : ^^The perfect success 
of this wheel affords the means of increasing the power 
of the works at Fairmount (by substituting Turbines 
for the breast-wheels now in use) to the extent of froni 


262 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


four and one-lialf to six millions of gallons per day 
that is to say, nearly double. 

These wheels are durable, and well adapted for large 
mills, but become too costly for small mills; the whole 
work is completed in the machine-works, and a Turbine 
of the largest kind can be put up in the mill in one 
week’s time. For small mills, and mills where saving 
of water is no object, Mr. Ira dagger’s wheel is equally 
as good. 

DESCRIPTION OF JONVAL’s TURBINE, BUILT BY E. GEY- 
ELIN, HYDRAULIC ENGINEER, PHILADA. 

The Jonval Turbine was invented and patented in 
France a few years since, by a French gentleman, whose 
name it bears. After spending many years in experi¬ 
menting with and improving his wheel, he presented it, 
in a still incomplete form, to the firm of Andre Koechlin 
& Co., of Mulhouse, a firm very celebrated as builders 
of hydraulic machinery throughout the south of France. 

These gentlemen, after thoroughly investigating its 
principles, became satisfied of its value, and bought 
Mr. Jonval’s patent-right; they have recently succeeded 
in perfecting it, and making it one of the most valuable 
hydraulic motors in existence. 

The first Turbine of this species, made by Messrs. 
Andr6 Koechlin & Co., was erected and put in operation 
in a large paper-mill at Pont d’Aspach, in the vicinity 
of Mulhouse, upon which a Committee of the Societe 
Industrielle de Mulhouse experimented, and reported 
tl'o results. 





JONVAL.— Plate 2, p. 262. 













































































1 a 





AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 263 

The experiments were made with the friction-brake 
of Prony. 

M. Amede Rieder, in his report on Jonval’s Turbine, 
enumerates the following as its advantages: 

1st. Its superior mechanical construction and sim¬ 
plicity. 

2d. The great amount of power obtained from the 
quantity of water used. 

3d. The regularity of its motion, and the facility of 
its access to it. 

4th. The great practical advantage of its being placed 
at the top of the fall. 

The hydraulic principles upon which the Turbine is 
constructed, were first established by its inventor. Mr. 
Theodore Bippert, the engineer superintending the 
hydraulic department of Messrs. A. Koechlin & Co.’s 
establishment, further investigated the principles, and 
constructed on them a formulae applicable to difiFerent 
fulls and quantities of water. By these formulae, the 
proper dimensions of the Turbine are accurately deter¬ 
mined to any situation. Through the extended commer¬ 
cial relations subsisting between the Messrs. Andr4 
Koechlin & Co. and the manufacturers of the Continent, 
these wheels have been extensively introduced, and there 
are now more than three hundred and thirty in success¬ 
ful operation. There is scarcely a department in France 
that has not a specimen of this good and durable motor. 

Germany and Austria, as far east as Vienna, have 
large woollen and cotton factories driven by them, while 
in Switzerland, Italy, and Spain, they are employed to 


264 


THE AMERICAN MILLER/ 


drive most of their silk and vroollen factories. In many 
instances, the Jonval Turbine has been substituted in 
the place of the Fourneyron’s, on account of the former 
being much less liable to injury and stoppages, and re¬ 
quiring much less care and attention. Especially is this 
true with regard to iron-works, grist-mills, and saw¬ 
mills. 

The eminent writers on hydraulics. Col. Morin and M. 
Armengaud, of France, and Professors Rodenbacher 
and Wiesbach, of Germany, recommend them very 
highly, and place them in the first class of hydraulic 
motors. In their mechanical construction they possess 
the advantages of simplicity and durability. They are 
enclosed in an air-tight cast-iron cylinder, in which the 
wheels and necessary machinery are placed. The whole 
will last as long as painted iron will last under water. 

These wheels can be placed either vertically or hori¬ 
zontally, but the latter position is generally preferred. 

There was a very interesting specimen of the former 
kind of Turbine put up by Messrs. A. Koechlin & Co., 
which attracted the attention of the scientific men in 
France. It is of II horse-power, and 156 feet fall. 
The Turbine is composed of two small wheels, 5| inches 
in diameter, placed in a vertical position, and receiving 
the water between them, so as to counterbalance the 
pressure of the water on the wheels. The speed per 
minute was 1500 revolutions; the wheel-shaft, in the 
horizontal position, which communicated the power, was 
of wrought iron, 1| inches in diameter. A cast-iron 
pinion on the wheel-shaft worked with a mortice-wheel 


JOI^VAL.—Plate 3, p. 264 




















































































































I 


AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 265 

in the proportion of 10 to 1, and thus gave directly 
150 revolutions to the driving-shaft of the mill. This 
wheel was built for M. Boigcol, of Giromagny, and has 
been in most satisfactory operation for about three years. 
With this wheel 11 horse-power was obtained. 

Since February, 1850, these wheels have been intro¬ 
duced and put into successful operation by Mr. Emile 
Geyelin, who was formerly engaged in the establishment 
of Messrs. A. Koechlin & Co., with whom he still con¬ 
tinues to correspond. During this short time, nineteen 
Turbines have been contracted for, and several are now 
in operation, giving perfect satisfaction. 

Experiments have been made on a Jonval Turbine, 
at the powder-works of Messrs. E. J. Dupont, by Pro¬ 
fessor Cresson, and Messrs. Alfred Dupont, Alexis Du¬ 
pont, S. V. Merrick, G. Harding, and E. Geyelin, mem¬ 
bers of the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia. The 
following is the report, published in the Journal of the 
Institute, Yol. XX., No. 3, 1850. 

THE KOECHLIN TURBINE 

The hydraulic motor known by this title, and men¬ 
tioned in this Journal, Vol. IX., 3d Series, p. 222, has 
just been introduced in this vicinity by Mr. E. Geyelin, 
at the powder-works of the Messrs. Dupont, near Wil¬ 
mington, Del.; and at his request a trial was recently 
made by certain members of the Institute, to determine 
the practical coefficient of the wheel. We now propose, 
for the benefit of those interested, to report the results 
to the readers of the Journal. 

23 


266 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 

The Turbine experimented upon is intended to pro* 
duce 7 horse-power under a fall of 10 feet, and to drive 
the machinery of the new mixing mill at the lower 
works. It is 21J inches in diameter, inches deep, 
and is to make 190 revolutions per minute, giving 63^ 
revolutions of a horizontal shaft, to which it is geared 
3 to 1. To this shaft was attached a Prony dynamo¬ 
meter, whose lever was 7*96 feet long, giving 50 feet 
circumference. At the time of the experiments, a 
wooden-box, nearly water-tight, was placed in the tail- 
race, surrounding the lower part of the wheel. One 
side of it was cut away, forming a waste-board 3-83 feet 
wide, over which the water was discharged; and at 
the same diminishing the usual head and fall about 
9 inches. 

Experiment No. 1.—The distance between the level 
of water in the penstock or forebay, and that of the bot¬ 
tom of the waste-board, was 10' 1", and the depth of 
water flowing over the waste-board 8i", leaving the ac¬ 
tual head and fall lO'-l"—8V'=9', = 9-34 feet. By 
Morin's formula, (^Aide Memoire, p. 37,) Q = wLA 
■^2zh; Q being discharge per second, m the constant 
which, for depth *74 depth, z=-383, L = width of waste- 
board,= 383 feet, and li — depth of water upon it, =*74. 
Then in this case Q=-383 X 3*83 X '74 |/64 X '74 = 
7*468 cubic feet, and the theoretical power due to the 
water was 7*468 X 02*5 X 0 34 X 60=261,537 pounds 
raised 1 foot per minute, =7.92 horse-power. 

It was found that, at 63 revolutions per minute of the 
horizontal shaft, 63 pounds balanced the lever. Hence 




AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 


2C7 


the power developed by the wheel was 63 X G3 X 50 = 
198,450 pounds = 6*014 horse -power. 

Experiment JSfo. 2.—The gates from the head-race 
were so far closed as to reduce the head 1 foot, and main¬ 
tain it at that level during the experiment. The depth 
of water on waste-board was 8i", so that the head and 
fall was 9'*1"—8r=8'*4r=8*41 feet. Therefore, by 
the same form ula m bein g *39 for this depth, Q = 39 X 
3*83 X677 j/64 X'677 = 6*66 cubic feet, and the theo¬ 
retical power due to the water was 6 66 X 62 *4 X 8*41 
X 60 = 210,000 pounds raised 1 foot per minute, = 6*36 
horse-power. 

It was found that 63 pounds balanced the lever at 49 
revolutions per niinute of the shaft. Hence the power 
developed by the wheel was 49 X 03 50 =164,350 pounds 
= 4*98 horse-power. 

The coefficients are then, 

For Experiment No. 1, ^ ^^^ = *760 per cent. 

7 *y2 

4 98 

For Experiment No. 2, ^*^^- =*783 per cent. 

And, making allowance for leakage around the waste- 
board box, which was partially counterbalanced by the 
friction of the gearing and horizontal shaft, the useful 
coefficient of the wheel may be taken at 75 per cent., 
and, as has been seen, remains the same when the wheel 
is working at 5 horse-power, which is but 70 per cent, 
of its full power. 

For the information of those who are not familiar with 
this wheel, it may be stated that it is placed as near the 





268 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 

top of the fall as possible, and revolves within a cast-iron 
pipe leading below the level of the tail-race. The 
curved guides’^ are directly over the wheel, and may, 
therefore, be easily reached for cleaning or repair. These 
curved guides are disposed radially around a hub, curv¬ 
ing spirally around it as they descend, in such a manner 
that any horizontal linear element of a guide is in a ra¬ 
dial line drawn from the axis. The buckets of the wheel 
arc similarly curved, but in an opposite direction 

Mr. Geyelin has made another small wheel for the 
Messrs. Dupont, and is also about to erect two of 60 horse¬ 
power each, for other parties in this vicinity. When 
they are ready for operation, a committee of the Institute 
will probably be called upon to examine them more care¬ 
fully, and make a formal report upon their merits. M 


The following experiments were made on one of the 
sixty-horse power Turbines of Messrs. Jessup & Moore, 
with a dynamometer.of Prony, and the quantity of water 
calculated by an overflow discharging in the open air. 

Effective Power — ? ^ ^^ number of revolu¬ 


tions per minute; C, circumference of the lever; W, 
the weight of the lever and balance. 

11 = 104. C = 80 feet. W = 223-50 pounds. 


Efiective power= 


104x80x223-50 

33000 


= 56*30 horse 


power. 


Theoretical power of the water = 


QX62*5xE 



33000 






AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 


2G9 


number of cubic feet of water discliarered through the 

o o 

wheel per minute. 62-5, weight in pounds of the cubic 
feet of water. F, fall of the water in feet and fraction. 

The quantity of water was measured by an overflow 
of 172*875 inches width. The depth of water dis¬ 
charging through it was 13} J inches. This, with the 
coefficient of contraction, 0*45, adapted by Mr. Poncelet 
for large overflows, gives 3794 cubic feet of-water per 
minute. The total fall during the operation of the Tur¬ 
bine was 8 feet 101 inches, = 8*89 feet. 


IT .1 .L 1 • 3794 X 62*5 X 8*89 

Hence the theoretical power is-- 

^ 33000 

— 63*92 horse-power. 

Effective power, 56*30) 

mi ,• 1 ao act r O'o8 coefficient of Turbine. 

Theoretical power, o3*92 j 

The principle of a suspended column of water below 
the wheel, explained in the general description hereafter, 
and which is one of the main advantages of this wheel, 
is secured to Mr. E. Geyelin, by an arrangement with 
Messrs. Z. & 0. Parker, who hold an American Patent of 
1840, for this principle. The right of the Messrs. Parker 
to this principle has never been contested, and Mr. Geye¬ 
lin has made the above arrangement, so as not to conflict 
with their rights. 


GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE JONVAL TURDINE. 

The sketch, fig. 1, represents a vertical section of a 
Turbine. A, represents the movable wheelj consisting 
of a cast-iron rim, having a given number of wrought 
iron buckets, of the proper curve, morticed into and 

23* 


$ 



270 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


riveted to it, and occupying the space marked B; it is 
keyed to the main or upright shaft C, and revolves 
freely in the cylinder D, the outside of the buckets and 
the cylinder having a small space between them. The 
stationary wheel E, consists of a cast-iron rim, having 
also a given number of wrought-iron guides morticed 
into and riveted to it, and occupying the spaee F. This 
wheel occupies the conical part of the cylinder, just 
above the movable wheel, with sufficient space between 
them to allow the movable wheel to revolve freely. The 
upper edges of the guides are level with the upper sur¬ 
face of the flange of the cylinder. The upright shaft 
C, has its lower bearing or step running in the oil-box 
H; the upper bearing C', runs in a pedestal attached to 
the bridge G. This bridge, made of cast-iron, is sup¬ 
ported in the side, on some of the cross-timbers of the 
forebay, and supports also the pedestal for the journal 
of the line shaft J. 

The oil-box H is supported by the cast-iron bridge 
M, which rests on the legs N N, on the inside of the 
cylinder. The gate 0, resembling a throttle-valve, is 
fastened to the shaft P, which works in stuffing boxes 
cast in the cylinder. To one end of this shaft a worm- 
wheel is attached, which, being moved by the endless 
screw R, opens and shuts the gate. 

The screw R is moved by the hand-wheel or governor 
S. The cylinder D D B, cast in one or more pieces, is 
supported by the timbers T T. U represents a section 
of the forebay and tail-race. The oil-box is filled with 
oil through the gas-tube a, which runs from the top of 


AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 271 

the forebay. The tube marked h is to allow tbe air to 
escape from tbe box wben it is being filled j that marked 
c is for drawing off tbe oil wben it is necessary to change 
it. Should tbe step wear any, tbe toe can be changed 
with great facility. The oil-box is held to its proper po¬ 
sition in tbe bridge by set screws h h. 

THE OPERATION OF THE WHEEL. 

The operation of this wheel is very simple; tbe top 
of the cylinder is placed from 4 to 6 feet from tbe upper 
level of tbe water, or at a sufficient distance to prevent 
tbe water from becoming agitated; thus it will be seen 
that tbe movable wheel or turbine is suspended between 
tbe two levels of tbe fall. Tbe water is made to come 
on tbe wheel and leave it so as to exert its utmost effect 
by tbe proper construction of the guides or buckets, 
which, together, form an annular section. Tbe follow¬ 
ing is tbe action of tbe water discharging through tbe 
wheels: 

Tbe water, as it leaves the forebay, follows tbe guides 
of the stationary wheel, curved in a spiral form, and 
leaves them at an angle of 16° to tbe horizontal line, and 
tangential to tbe circumference, and thus presses on the 
movable wheel, which, by the proper course of its buckets, 
retrogrades, and lets the water descend in a spiral direc¬ 
tion. Then, by the contracted form of tbe buckets of 
the movable wheel, tbe water has a second action, that 
of lifting tbe wheel in the direction of 18° to the hori¬ 
zontal line, and tangential to tbe circumference; this 
second action is upon tbe principle of discharge of water 


272 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


through a conical pipe, and has the effect of throwing 
the pipe back. 

These two forces are in the proportion of 10 to 1, and 
in constructing the parallelogram of forces in the respect¬ 
ive directions, the diagonal or resultant will be at an 
angle of 14° to the horizontal line, and tangential to the 
circumference. 

The water discharged through this contracted space 
falls in a large air-tight cylinder, and descends, partially 
suspended by the tendency of vacuum^ to the tail-race. 
The following is the effect of the column of water on the 
wheel: 

As mentioned above, the column of action on these 
kind of Turbines is divided into two distinct ones: 1st, 
from the upper level of the fall to the upper part of the 
Turbine j 2d, from the upper part of the Turbine to the 
lower level of the fall. 

The first part of the column operates by the same laws 
as in ordinary wheels; that is to say, the quantity of 
water multiplied by the velocity corresponding to the 
height of the fall. The second part of the column (that 
is to say, from the Turbine to the lower part of the fall) 
would, in ordinary wheels which discharge in open air, 
be of no additional effect to the wheel, as the water 
would leave this point without velocity, and would only 
fall by its gravity; but by this peculiar arrangement of 
excluding the air from the whole column by means of 
an air-tight cylinder immersed in the lower level of the 
fall, the water passing through a contracted part of the 
air-tight cylinder discharges in a larger part, which 


AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 273 

also, from below, has a larger discharge than admission 
from the wheel. 

The water consequently cannot fill the whole space of 
the cylinder below the wheel, and the air would rush in 
to fill the vacant space; but this element being completely 
excluded, the tendency to form a vacuum keeps the co¬ 
lumn of water suspended to the proportion of the height 
to that of perfect vacuum; and the velocity which the 
water would, through its gravity, acquire at the lowest 
part of its fall, would be communicated to the upper 
part, where, instead of pressure, the water acts as suction. 

This principle is true as far as the tendency of vacuum 
can be rendered perfect; that is to say, to the height of 
32 feet, and such produce by its suction are equal in 
effect to the atmospheric pressure: above this the surplus 
of pressure would force air in the column from below, and 
so reduce the effect, which, in placing the wheel below 32 
feet from the lower level, would be equal to pressure. 

REDUCTION OF POWER IN THE WHEEL. 

The difference of quantity of water in dry and wet 
seasons, and also the difference of power used in certain 
kinds of mills, at different times, in the working opera¬ 
tions, have shown that it is necessary for these iron 
wheels to be adaptable to these changes. 

In consequence of their operating with much higher 
speed than wooden wheels, the difierence of power affects 
its operation more sensibly if there is no means to regu¬ 
late it. 

Various forms of gates have been tried, but not found 


274 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


to give full satisfaction. In these wheels there have 
been employed a series of movable divisions, by which 
a part of the inner periphery of the wheel is enclosed, 
and the whole water to be absorbed is thrown to the ex¬ 
ternal periphery. This arrangement has been most satis¬ 
factory in its operation, and a wheel used for 60 horse¬ 
power in wet seasons can operate at 40 horse-power in 
dry seasons, and does not vary in its per centage more 
than 5 or 6 per cent, in its effect by this change. 

It will require only half an hour to insert these divi¬ 
sions, but for instant change of speed or power, there 
is also the gate, by which one-jifth of its power can be 
taken off, without any considerable change in effect. 

ADVANTAGES OBTAINED BY THESE WHEELS OVER 
OTHER FIRST-CLASS WHEELS. 

1st. In consequence of its suspension between the two 
levels of the fall, in case of back-water, the power only 
changes by its diminution of fall; but should the fall 
remain the same, the back-water would not have a bad 
effect. 

2d. As expressed above, the velocity of Turbines in 
general is greater than that of wooden wheels; and in 
all factories and mills where a high velocity is required, 
the amount of power absorbed in the gearing is gained, 
and the use of greasing, and chance of getting out of 
order, is greatly lessened. 

3d. The water can leave the wheel at any angle, even 
to the horizontal linej and such presents very great 
advantages where there exist rocks below, or quicksand. 


AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 


275 


or structures which could not be removed without much 
expense. 

4th. By the position of the stationary wheel placed 
above the movable, where it is suspended in the conical 
part of the air-tight cylinder, and its only being kept 
down by the column of water above and its own weight, 
it cannot present the chance of breaking, should some 
stick or stone come between its plates, as would be the 
case in Fourneyron’s wheels, which are bolted to their 
respective places. A Jonval Turbine will, by such ob¬ 
struction, have the stationary wheel lifted out of its 
place. In other wheels, where the guides cannot give 
way, the division plates must be broken. 

5th. In breast, pitchback, and overshot wheels, the 
water acts partly by its weight, and partly by the velo¬ 
city due to the head on the gates of discharge on the 
wheel, and on this account loses a head of water equal— 
1st, to the half of the head on the gate; 2d, the depth 
of the buckets on the wheel itself. In Turbine wheels 
this is not the case, as the full fall is utilized. 

6th. In case of repair, this wheel can be rendered instant¬ 
ly dry and accessible, while all other iron wheels, acting 
only by pressure, are submerged; and in order to reach the 
wheel, the water has to be pumped out of the tail-race. 

GENERAL INFORMATION. 

The Jonval Turbine is guaranteed to give—1st, 75 
per cent, of its effect, with a fall from 30 feet and above, 
down to 10 feet; 2d, 70 per cent, of its effect, with a 
fall from 10 feet to 6 feet; 3d, 60 per cent, of its theo¬ 
retical effect, from 6 feet to 4 feet. 


276 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 



PATENT OFFICE, WASHINGTON CITY, D. C. 


INSTRUCTION TO INVENTORS, PATENTEES, AND 
OTHERS INTERESTED IN INVENTIONS. 

By J. Dennis, Jr., 

Practical Macliinist, Manufacturer, and Draughts¬ 
man, west side of Seventh street, next to corner of E, 
between the City Post Office, and the Patent Office, 
Washington, D. C. 

Having had twenty years^ experience in building and 
operating machinery for manufacturing Cotton,. Silk, 
Wool, Steam Engines, Printing Calico, &c., and having 
for several years been engaged in procuring Patents, and 
prosecuting appeals (successfully) from the decision of 
the Commissioner of Patents, refusing patents to appli¬ 
cants ; being also familiar with the practice of the Patent 
Office, tenders his services to Inventors to make exami¬ 
nations of their inventions from a rough sketch or draw¬ 
ing and limited description, (which may be forwarded by 
mail,) and to compare them with the inventions in the 
Patent Office, and to give an opinion as to the proba- 









































AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 277 

bility of procuring a Patent, for a fee of five dollars; 
and save the inventor the expense of model, drawings, 
and patent-fee, or the expense of a visit to the Patent 
Office, when the invention is not patentable—only about 
two-fifths of the patents applied for being granted. Ills 
long experience in making drawings of, and building and 
operating machinery, enable him to understand an in¬ 
vention from a rough drawing and limited description, 
and to comprehend the points in which the invention 
differs from those already patented, with the greatest 
facility. All communications are strictly confidential. 

He also prepares drawings, specifications, caveats, and 
assignments, or attends to any other business at the Pa¬ 
tent Office. Counsellors in patent cases can have an 
opinion, by stating the points in their case; and argu¬ 
ments prepared, with the proper authorities cited, to 
sustain the same, with depositions, if necessary. He 
will also attend as counsellor or advocate in patent 
causes in any court. 

Patents in foreign countries procured upon the most 
favourable terms. 

Models may be sent by express, (and the freight is 
much less if paid in advance.) Models should be boxed, 
so that the box may be turned over and over, for “This 
side up, wuth care,” does no good cohere the porters can¬ 
not read. Letters, sketches, and drawings sent by mail, 
(postage paid,) containing a fee, will be promptly at¬ 
tended to; and those who enclose a postage stamp will 
receive their answer post paid. 


24 



278 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 

EXAMINATION OF REJECTED APPLICATIONS FOR 

PATENTS. 

The 1409 inventors whose applications were rejected 
in 1849, the 1035 in 1850, the 1403 in 1851, the 1293 
in 1852, and the 1614 in 1853, are informed that I will 
examine their applications for a fee of five dollars each, 
and ascertain if the invention has been properly repre¬ 
sented and understood by the officers in the Patent Of¬ 
fice, and also ascertain if the reference upon which it was 
rejected will prevent obtaining a patent, if a proper claim 
is presented; and advise the applicant whether he had 
best withdraw, or amend his specification and ask for a 
reconsideration, or appeal from the Commissioner’s de¬ 
cision, or file a hill in equity to procure the patent. 

I could cite numerous instances in which I have suc¬ 
ceeded in procuring valuable patents where the applica¬ 
tions were filed by agents who were not practical ma¬ 
chinists or scientific men, or had very little experience 
in preparing applications for patents. In one instance 
an application was filed, rejected, and withdrawn; and 
a new application filed for the same invention, which 
was rejected, and the rejection reconsidered and affirmed, 
and the applicant asked me about withdrawing it. I 
proposed to tell him for five dollars whether he could get 
a patent or not. I immediately undertook his case, and 
made a new specification, and urged the novelty and 
patentability of the invention, and obtained a patent 
within five weeks. 

I know a very meritorious inventor who lost one hun~ 


AND millwright’s assistant. 


279 


drcd thousand dollars from a defect in his papers, owing 
to the want of skill in the counsel he employed. 

The rules of the Patent Office allow one examination 
of an invention, and one reconsideration, and only one; 
so that it is more important to have the application pro¬ 
perly prepared by a person of skill and experience than 
it has been heretofore, when several reconsiderations 
were granted. 

DIRECTIONS FOR THOSE WHOSE APPLICATIONS 
HAVE BEEN REJECTED. 

To enable me to attend to a rejected application, the 
inventor should send me a power of attorney, (see form 
below,) enclosing a fee of 85, with the letter of rejection, 
if he has it, and all other letters he may have relating 
to the application. 

To the Commissioner of Patents 

The undersigned respectfully represents that he has 

applied for letters patent for- (^put the name of 

the invention here,') and requests you to recognise Jona¬ 
than Dennis, Jr., and his lawful attorney, to procure said 
letters patent; and I do, by these presents, appoint and 
constitute the said J. Dennis, Jr., to be my agent, to 
transact any business, and to do any acts that he may 
deem proper and necessary in the premises; also to re¬ 
ceive and transmit the same. 

Witness my hand and seal the-day of-185 , 

[seal.] 







280 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


The signature of the inventor is sufficient, without an 
acknowledgment before a justice, as it does not author¬ 
ize me to withdraw the application. 

If an inventor has assigned a part of his invention, 
the assignee must sign the power of attorney also; if 
the whole of the invention has been assigned, the sig¬ 
nature of the assignee or assignees is sufficient without 
the inventors. 

Any person interested in an in^ention, either as in¬ 
ventor or assignee, by sending a power of attorney 
signed by himself only, and enclosing one dollar to me, 
can be informed of the state of the application, and 
when it will probably be acted upon; and if the appli¬ 
cation has been rejected, a copy of the letter of rejec¬ 
tion will be sent, if desired. Great skill is required to 
amend an application that has been rejected; therefore 
it should never be intrusted to any except the most skil¬ 
ful, and then only to those who are familiar with the 
practice of the Patent Office. 

When an applicant for a patent is notified that his ap¬ 
plication interferes with some other invention, he should 
immediately consult the most competent counsel he can, 
residing in the city of Washington, who can examine 
into his case at once, and advise him in regard to his 
interests. I have known an inventor to spend several 
hundred dollars in an interference case, because he was 
not properly informed of his rights and privileges in the 
premises; he wrote me afterwards that if he ^‘had 
known what his opponent’s invention was, he would not 
have spent any thing;” and it was very remiss in his coun- 


AND MTLLWRTDMT’s ASSISTANT. 


281 


Sf.l not to inform him. I know another inventor who luul 
an interference, and might have proved priority of in¬ 
vention, if he had had competent counsel in the city 
of Washington to examine into his case, and tell him 
what was necessary, and written an argument properly 
representing the case to the Commissioner; and he has 
spent some hundreds of dollars trying to get a patent 
for the same invention since, without success. 

Copies of patents, specifications, claims, assignments, 
and duplicate models will be furnished to order. A copy 
of the claim of any patent on record, forwarded on the 
receipt of one dollar. Also, information whether any 
person representing himself to be a patentee, has a patent, 
for a similar fee.- 

SUGGESTION TO THOSE INTERESTED IN INVENTIONS. 

Inventors are a most useful and valuable class of citi¬ 
zens, whose labours generally benefit the public more 
than themselves. The fee required upon an application 
for a patent is thirty dollars, and the inventor is required 
to furnish a model or specimen of his invention, with 
duplicate drawings, and a description, such as would 
enable a person skilled in the art to which the invention 
appertains to make and use it. The usual charge for 
making drawings, and preparing the descriptions and 
other papers, is thirty dollars, which includes any expla¬ 
nations required at the Patent Office during the progress 
of the case. If the invention requires sevei-al figures, 
showing different views of the machine or thing for 
which a patent is desired, and a long description, the 

24 * 




282 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 

expense of preparing the papers is proportionally in* 
creased; but in most cases the expense of procuring a 
patent is sixty dollars, exclusive of the model, which 
may be a cheap one, but should be neatly made, and not 
more than one foot square. If the patent is granted, it 
is sent to the applicant, free of postage. If the applica¬ 
tion is rejected, the applicant is referred to such inven¬ 
tions as, in the opinion of the examiner, prevent the 
granting of letters patent; and the applicant may then 
relinquish his claim to the model, withdraw his applica¬ 
tion, and receive back twenty of the thirty dollars paid 
into the office, and suffer a loss of forty dollars, exclu¬ 
sive of the time and money expended in perfecting his 
invention, and procuring a model; or, if he is dissatis¬ 
fied with the rejection of his application, he can examine 
the inventions referred to, and state his views of their 
dissimilarity, either in person or by his attorney, and 
have his application reconsidered, either with or without 
amending his specification or claim. If the examiner 
rejects it a second time, the case may be laid before the 
Commissioner, with an oral or written argument, or 
both; and if it is rejected by the Commissioner, he may 
appeal to either of the Judges of the Circuit Court, in 
the District of Columbia, or file a bill in Equity in that 
Court: in either it will cost from $50 to $100. Only 
about two-fifths of the applications for patents are granted, 
6754 having been rejected during the last five years, which 
is lost to a class of people that can ill afford to lose it, 
and of which the greater part might have been saved. 


AND millwright’s assistant. 283 

if they had pursued a course which I will now endea¬ 
vour to point out. 

diet each inventor, after completing his invention, 
make'a rough drawing or sketch of it with pencil or 
ink, write a description of its use and operation, and, 
enclosing five dollars, send it to some competent agent 
for procuring patents in the city of Washington, D. C. 
The agent will then examine it, and compare it with the 
inventions already in the Patent Ofiice, and if he finds 
that there is little or no probability of a patent being 
obtained, if applied for, he will advise the inventor ac¬ 
cordingly. In this way thirty-five dollars, at least, of the 
forty above mentioned, might in general be saved, which, 
for the 6754 inventors whose applications were rejected 
in the last five years, amounts to two hundred and thir¬ 
ty-six thousand three hundred and ninety dollars. 

If, on the other hand, the invention is found to bo 
patentable, there is still no loss by this course, for the 
agent will count the ^5 paid for a preliminary examina¬ 
tion as a part of the $30 charged for preparing the 
papers and drawings. Many inventors consult some one 
living near them, who visits the Patent Office perhaps 
two or three times a year, or has visited it a few times 
in his life, as to the probability of their obtaining a 
patent; but when it is known that from thirty to fifty 
patents are issued weekly, it will be at once seen that 
the opinion of one not actually visiting the office to 
compare the invention in question with those already 
deposited, cannot be of much value. Even if a stranger 
should come to the Patent Office for the purpose of mak- 


284 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 

Ing an examination, be could hardly expect to do It 
efiectually among so many thousands of models, draw¬ 
ings, and descriptions, without the assistance of some 
one familiar with the contents of the office, and in the 
practice of making such examinations. In the course 
of my experience I have frequently found one patented 
and several rejected models constructed upon precisely 
the same principles with one sent to me, with instruc¬ 
tions to procure a patent. In such cases, I return the 
money forwarded, excepting the fee of $5 for making 
the examination, and advise the applicant that his inven¬ 
tion is not patentable, holding the model subject to his 
order. Again, some inventors make an invention, and 
send to the Commissioner of Patents for directions how 
to proceed in procuring a patent; and as the officers em¬ 
ployed in the Patent Office are prohibited from giving 
any opinion in regard to the patentability of any inveu* 
tion until the application for a patent in due form, and 
a fee of ^30 paid, the Commissioner sends them a cir¬ 
cular; and although it contains information and instruc¬ 
tions, it is very rarely that an inventor makes his papers 
and procures a patent from the information contained in 
the circular, and many inventors complain that they have 
been misled by the circulars of some of the previous 
Commissioners. 

Some inventors prepare their own drawings and de¬ 
scriptions, or employ some one for that purpose in their 
own neighbourhood to do so, without knowing whether 
the same thing is already in the Patent Office or not 
and the person they employ has perhaps very little, if 


AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 


285 


any, knowledge of the patent laws, or experience in pre¬ 
paring papers to procure patents. According to my 
observation, such applications are almost certain to Ik 
rejected, for inventions have multiplied to such an ex 
tent, that it is hardly possible for any person to make a 
specification and claim that will not be rejected, or re¬ 
quire amendment, if he does not know what inventions 
already exist in the Patent Office; and attorneys wlio 
have had long experience in making drawings and spe¬ 
cifications, often find it very difficult to get patents, 
after making a thorough examination of the models, 
drawings, and records in the Patent Office. Hence it 
will be perceived that there is very little chance for those 
to procure patents who do not previously make a proper 
examination of the patents of the Patent Office, and as¬ 
certain wherein the new invention difiers from those 
which have preceded it, so as to know what is new and 
what is old—what to claim, and what to omit. 

And further, when an inventor’s agent resides in 
Washington, he may make verbal explanations during 
the examination of the invention, and point out the im¬ 
provements, and represent the advantages it has over 
the previous inventions for the same purpose; and if the 
application is rejected he receives immediate notice, and 
can examine the models, drawings, and specifications of 
the inventions referred to at once, and answer the objec¬ 
tions of the examiners, make the requisite explanations, 
and any necessary alterations in the specification and 
claim, and have the case attended to at once, while it is 
fresh before the examiner. But when the agent of the 


286 


THE AMERICAN MILLER, 


inventor is not in Washington, the case is far otherwise, 
and the inventor loses the advantage of explanations 
that might he made during the progress of the examina¬ 
tion. Besides, it is sometime before he gets the letter 
of rejection, and then he has not the models, drawings, 
and specifications of the inventions referred to at hand, 
to compare with the invention of his client; but he may 
send and get copies of the drawings, by paying the ex 
pcnse of making the same, and of the specifications, by 
paying 10 cents for every hundred words; but the ob¬ 
taining of these copies is attended with delay, and when 
he gets them, he has not the advantage of the models, 
nor of explaining them personally to the examiner. He 
may write out the explanations, and state the difference 
between his client’s invention and those referred to in 
the rejection, and send it to the Patent Office; in the 
mean time the examiner has turned his attention to other 
applications, and so much time has elapsed that he has 
almost or quite forgotten the case, and having examined 
and decided it once, he may feel reluctant about exa¬ 
mining it again; so that the inventor suffers by the delay, 
and loses the advantage of the verbal explanations and 
examinations which might have been made by his agent 
in person, while the invention was fresh before the mind 
of the examiner. Besides, I could refer to numerous 
inventors who have employed agents at a distance from 
Washington, and who, having had their applications re¬ 
jected, have paid their agent for coming to Washington, 
or employed an agent here, or have come themselves, 
and employed an agent after they got here, to amend or 


AND millwright’s ASSISTANT. 


287 


prepare new papers, before they obtained their patent; 
when, if they had employed a competent agent in the 
vicinity of the Patent Ofl&ce, they would not have been 
subject to the delay, and might have saved the addi¬ 
tional expense above mentionech 

I have examined the papers of numerous applications 
which were rejected because they were not properly pre¬ 
sented, and which would, without doubt, have been s' le- 
cessful in obtaining a patent, had a competent agent 'q 
the vicinity of the Patent Office been employed. 




i 



i 


% 

,4 


i 






INDEX 


PAGE 


Absolute Motion. 21 

Air and Water, difference in the 

Specific Gravity of.. 42 

Air between Millstones. 124 

American Breadstuffs, high re¬ 
putation of.. 67 

Aperture. 11 

Area. 11 

Atmosphere, pressure of, on the 

earth. 41 

Atmospheric pressure. 41 

Balance, Munson’s Patent. 196 

Bale and Driver. 133 

Bedding the stone. Ill 

Bolt, Mausks’s Patent. 137 

Bolting Material. 215 

Bran Duster and Separator. 200 

Branding flour. 136 

Bread. 164 

Breadstuffs, Export of.. 144 

Breadstuffs of the U. S., Dr. L. 

C. Beck’s Report on. 140 

Burr Millstone, Dress for. 256 

Burr Millstone, Livingston. 258 

Burr Millstone Manufactory, Co¬ 
lumbian Foundry and. 224 

Central Forces. 23 

Centrifugal Force.23, 24 

Centripetal Force. 23 


PAGE 

Circle, Geometrical Definitions of 37 
Circumferences of Circles, Areas 


and Side of equal Squares, 

Table of.. 36 

Clasp Coupling Joint, Thomp¬ 
son’s. 216 

Cloths for bolts, directions for 

making. 97 

Cogs. 20 

Combination Reaction Water- 

Wheel. 50 

Do., proper mode of construc¬ 
tion . 52 

Do., Lansing’s.53, 103 

Do., Table of Velocities of.. 54 

Cube root. 11 

Cubic foot of Water, Weight of... 11 

Cubic. 11 

Cylinders, Friction of.-.. 26 

Direct Action Water-Wheel, 
Ilowd’s Improved... 57, 104, 107 

Double-Geared Mills. 22 

Double-Geared Mill, Harrison’s... 276 
Drying grain or flour, Stafford’s 

invention for. 159 

Economy in Machinery. 109 

Ellicott. 105 

Equilibrium. 11 

Equipoise. 11 


25 


289 













































290 


INDEX 


PAGE 

Evans, Oliver. 104 

Evans’ Millwright’s Guide... 105, 106 
Eye for Millstones, Munson’s 

Patent. 198 

Flour-Chest, Kiuman’s Self-dis¬ 
charging. 257 

Flour, Humbert’s experiments 

on. 155 

Flour, nutriment in. 165 

Flouring, Bonnell’s improved 

process. 202 

Fluids, tendency of, to a natural 

level. 41 

French Burr, History of.. 234 

French Burr, quality of.. 70 

French Burr Millstone Manu- 
factorj". Hart & Munson’s.... 196 
French Burr Millstone Manu- 

fectory, Mitchell’s. 230 

French Burr Millstones—Morris 

Trimble. 226 

French Burr Millstones—Wal¬ 
lace. 250 

French Burr Millstones—Ward.. 254 

Friction. 11, 23, 25 

Furrow of Millstones. 86 

Do., to make, on the most ap¬ 
proved plan. 86 

Gauge and Staff.. 87 

Gravity. 11 

Grain Dryer, Hughes’s. 126 

Grain grown in principal States. 67 

Grains, on the culture of.. 67 

Grain, preservation of.. 155 

Grease-Collar, Neyhart’s Patent. 244 

Grinding Wheat and Corn. 90 

Help necessary in a Mill. 100 

Hog’s Ijjird as an Urgent. 28 

Hoist Journal, Weight of.. 33 

Hydraulics.. 12, 39 

Hydraulics for the Millwright... 102 


PAGE 

Hydrodynamics. 12, 45 

Hydrostatics. 39 

Impulse. 12 

Inclined Plane. 18 

Indian Corn. 127 

Indian Corn as an article of fo- 

leign consumption. 93 

Inspec tion of Flour. 138 

Iron, Experiments on. 34 


dagger’s Patent Turbine Water- 
Wheel, Table of velocity of... 67 
Journals, best kind of metals for 31 
Journals, table of diameters of... 35 


Kiln-dried Flour and Meal. 158 

La Ferte, sous Jouarre, Mill¬ 
stones of.. 234 

Lever, different Varieties of.. 17 

Lever, the principle of.. 15 

Do., Composition of.. 15 

Machinery. 116 

Machinery, arrangement of.. 21 

Machinery, Economy in. 109 

Mechanics, first principles of.. 13 

Mechanics, theory of.. 13 

Mechanical Powers. 13 

Mechanism, science of.. 13 

Merchant Bolts, construction of. 94 

Do., New Arrangement. 95 

Milling business. Capital in¬ 
vested in. 70 

Mill-dams. 117 

Mill Furnishing Establishment, 

Fowler and Co. 258 

Mill-Picks, size of.. 97 

Do., Composition for tempering 98 

Millstone Dresses. 80 

Millstones, importance of keep¬ 
ing in order. 91 

Millstones, laying out the dress of 79 
Millstones, size of for different 
water-powers. 89 
























































INDEX. 


291 


fAUB 

Millstones, Staffing and Cracking 


the face of.. 87 

Momentum. 12, 17 

Motion. 20 

New Stones, directions for pre¬ 
paring. 76 

Olive Oil as an Urgent. 28, 31 

Overshot or Breast-Wheels. 56 

Packing Flour. 135 

Packer’s Table. 136 

Patents, Instructions for obtain¬ 
ing. 276 

Percussion. 12, 103 

Percussion and Oscillation, cen¬ 
tre of.. 38 

Pitch Circles, diameter of.. 115 

Portable Mill, Burrow’s Patent.. 251 

Power. 

Proof-staff, use of.. 99 

Pulley. 19 

Pump, principle of.. 41 

Quiescence. 12 

Raccoon Burr. 73 

Radius. 12 

Reaction Attachment, power of 

Gravity with. 105 

Reaction principle, an American 

invention. 48 

Revolutions of the Stone and 

Water-Wheels. 115 

Right Angle. 12 

Saw-Logs, Table of.. 193 

Saw-Mill, construction of.. 190 

Screw. 13 

Separator, Booth’s Patent. 228 

Shaft.s, Buchanau on. 31 

Single-Geared Mills. 22 

Shute, Roberts’s Improved. 246 

Smut Machines, different kinds. 121 
Smut Machine and Duster, 
Johnston’s. 253 


PAOB 


Smut Machine, Harris & Son’s.... 219 
Smut Machine, Pilkington’s Im¬ 
proved . 224 

Smut Machine, Ward’s. 255 

Smut Machine, AVallace’s Burr... 251 

Specific Gravity. 11, 42 

Specific Gravities, Table of.. 44 

Steam applied to Mills. 189 

Stencil Engraver, Foster.. 259 

Stone-bedding. Ill 

Stones, the velocity of.. 114 

Squared. 12 

Tallow as an Urgent. 28 

Technical Words, Explanation of 11 

Theory. 12 

Tram Staffs... 74 

Unctuous Matter. 28 

Unctuous Surfaces, Friction of... 29 

Urgent. 12 

Urgents, Friction of.. 30 

Velocity. 12 

Velocities of Combination Reac¬ 
tion Water-Wheels. 54 

Viscosity. 12 

Water. 11,39 

Water, Action and Reaction of, 
as applied to Water-Wheels.. 46 
Water and Air, difference in the 

Specific Gravity of.. 42 

Water, number of Inches of, to 

drive one Run of Stones. 55 

Water, Incompressibility of.. 40 

Water-Wheel. 107 

Water-Wheel, revolutions of.. 114 

Water Table for dagger’s Patent 

Turbine. 65 

Water-Wheel, Central Discharge. 249 
Water-AVheel. Combination Re¬ 
action. 50 

Water-AVheel, llowd’s Direct Ac¬ 
tion . 57 































































292 


INDEX 


PAGE 


Water-Whwls, Hydrodynamic 

Power of.. 45 

■Water-Wheel, dagger’s Patent 

Turbine. 60 

Water-Wheel, Jonval’s Turbine.. 260 
Watei^Wheel, Lansing’s Spiral... 103 
Do., Table of number of revo¬ 
lutions. 66 

Water-Wheels, Overshot or 

Breast. 56 

Water, upward and downward 

pres.sure of.. 40 

Wedge. 18 

Weight. 11 

Western States, fine quality of 
Grain. 68 


FAGB 


Wheat. 149 

Wheat, average produce of.. 145 

Do., Dwarf.. 131 

Wheat for Mills, Rules for the 

purchase of.. 139 

Wheat in different countries, 151,152 
Wheat, Michigan White Flint... 131 

Wheat, productiveness of. 150 

Do., profits of.. 150 

Do., South American. 150 

Do., Tables for reckoning the 

price of. 177 

Wheat. Water in. 153 

Wheat Flour, Analy;5es of.... 166, 204 
Wheels, Velocity oi. 20 


THE END. 


8TERE0TYPET) BY L. JOHNSON b CO. 
PHILAPELPHIA. 























CATALOGUE 

OF 

PRACTICAL AXD SCIENTIFIC ROOKS, 

PUBLISHED BY 

HENRY CAREY BAIRD, 

INDUSTRIAL PUBLISHER, 

3STo. 406 "W'^IL.IsrXJT STPIEET, 
PHILADKLPHIA. 

ny of the Books comprised In this Catalogue will be sent by mail, 
free of postage, at the publication price. 

Mr Nkw and Enlarged Catalogue, 9.o pages Svo., with full descriptious 
of Books, will be sent, free of postage, to any one who will favor ra 
with his address. 


A RMENGATJD, AMOUROUX, AND JOHNSON.—THE PRACTICAL 
DRAUGHTSMAN’S BOOK OF INDUSTRIAL DESIGN, AND 
MACHINIST’S AND ENGINEER’S DRAWING COMPANION: 


Forming a complete course of Mechanical Engineering and 
Architectural Drawing, From the French of M. Armengaud 
the elder, Prof, of Design in the Conservatoire of Arts and 
Industry, Paris, and MM. Armengaud the younger and Amou- 
roux. Civil Engineers. Rewritten and arranged, with addi¬ 
tional matter and plates, selections from and examples of the 
most useful and generally employed mechanism of the day. 
By William Johnson, Assoc. Inst. C. E., Editor of “The 
Practical Meclianic’s Journal.” Illustrated by 50 folio steel 
plates and 50 wood-cuts. A new edition, 4to. . $10 00 

A RLOT.—A COMPLETE GUIDE FOR COACH PAINTERS. 

Translated from the French of M. Arlot, Coach Painter; late 
Master Painter for eleven years with M, Ehrler, Coach Manufac¬ 
turer, Paris. With important American additions . . $1 25 


A RROWSMITH.—PAPER-HANGER’S COMPANION: 

A Treatise in which the Practical Operations of the Trade are 
Systematically laid down: w'ith Copious Directions Prepara¬ 
tory to Papering; Preventives against the Effect of Damp on 
W.alls; the Various Cements and Pastes adapted to the Seve¬ 
ral Purposes of the Trade; Observations and Directions for 
the Panelling and Ornamenting of Rooms, &c. Ry James 
Arrowsmith. 12mo., cloth . . . . . $1 25 




2 HENRY CAREY BAIRD’S CATALOGUE. 

■DAIRD.—THE AMERICAN COTTON SPINNER, AND MAN A- 
GER’S AND CARDER’S GUIDE: 

A Practical Treatise on Cotton Spinning; giving the Dimen¬ 
sions and Speed of Machinery, Draught and Twist Calcula¬ 
tions, etc.; with notices of recent Improvements: together 
with Rules and Examples for making changes in the sizes and 
numbers of Roving and Yarn. Compiled from the papers of 
the late Robert II. Baird. 12mo. . • . 50 


T)AKER.—LONG-SPAN RAILWAY BRIDGES; 

Comprising Investigations of the Comparative Theoretical and 
Practical Advantages of the various Adopted or Proposed Type 
Systems of Construction; with numerous Formulae and Ta¬ 
bles. By B. Baker. 12mo. . . . . . $2 00 

■pAKEWELL —A MANUAL OF ELECTRICITY—PRACTICAL AND 
THEORETICAL: 

By F. C. Bakewell, Inventor of the Copying Telegraph. So» 
cond Edition. Revised and enlarged. Illustrated by nume¬ 
rous engravings. 12mo. Cloth .... 

■pEANS.-A TREATISE ON RAILROAD CURVES AND THE LO- 
CATION OF RAILROADS ; 

By E. W. Beans, C. E. 12mo. ... $2 00 


■pLENKARN.—PRACTICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF WORKS EXE- 
^ CUTED IN ARCHITECTURE, CIVIL AND MECHANICAL 
ENGINEERING, AND IN ROAD MAKING AND SEWER¬ 
ING: 

To which are added a series of practically useful Agreements 
and Reports. By John Blenkarn. Illustrated by fifteen 
large folding plates. 8vo, . . . . . §9 00 

•pLINN.—A PRACTICAL WORKSHOP COMPANION FOR TIN, 
SHEET-IRON, AND COPPER-PLATE WORKERS : 

Containing Rules for Describing various kinds of Patterns 
used by Tin, Sheet-iron, and Copper-plate Workers ; Practical 
Geometry; Mensuration of Surfaces and Solids; Tables of the 
Weight of Metals, Lead Pipe, etc.; Tables of Areas and Cir¬ 
cumferences of Circles; Japans, Varnishes, Lackers, Cements, 
Compositions, etc. etc. By Leroy J. Bltnn, Master Me¬ 
chanic. With over One Ilundi-cd Illustrations. 12mo. $2 50 






HENRY CAREY BAIRD’S CATALOOUE. 


3 


gOOTH.-MARBLE WORKER’S MANUAL: 

Containing Practical Information respecting Marbles in gene¬ 
ral, their Cutting, Working, and Polishing; Veneering of 
Marble ; Mosaics ; Composition and Use of Artificial Marble, 
Stuccos, Cements, Receipts, Secrets, etc. etc. Translated 
from the French by M. L. Booth. With an Appendix con¬ 
cerning American Marbles. 12mo., cloth . . $1 50 

■pOOTH AND MORFIT.—THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHEMISTRY, 
PRACTICAL AND THEORETICAL : 

. Embracing its application to the Arts, Metallurgy, Mineralogy, 
Geology, Medicine, and Pharmacy. By James C. Booth, 
Melter and Refiner in the United States jMint, Professor of 
Applied Chemistry in the Franklin Institute, etc., assisted by 
Campbell Morfit, author of “Chemical Manipulations,” etc. 
Seventh edition. Complete in one volume, royal 8vo., 978 
pages, with numerous wood-cuts and other illustrations. $5 00 

pOWDITCH.—ANALYSIS, TECHNICAL VALUATION, PURIFI- 
^ CATION, AND USE OF COAL GAS: 

By Rev. W'. R. Bowditch. Illustrated with wood engrav¬ 
ings. 8vo. . . . . . . . . $G 50 


•pox.—PRACTICAL HYDRAULICS: 

A Series of Pvules and Tables for the use of Engineers, etc. 
By Thomas Box. 12mo. . . . . . $2 50 


OCKMASTER.—THE ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL PHYSICS : 

By J. C. Buckjiaster, late Student in the Government School 
of Mines; Certified Teacher of Science by the Department of 
Science and Art; Examiner in Chemistry and Physics in the 
Royal College of Preceptors; and late Lecturer in Chemistry 
and Physics of the Royal Polytechnic Institute. Illustrated 
with numerous engravings. In one vol. 12mo. . 50 


ULLOCK.—THE AMERICAN COTTAGE BUILDER: 

A Series of Designs, Plans, and Specifications, from $200 to 
to !$20,000 for Homes for the People; together with Warm¬ 
ing, Ventilation, Drainage, Painting, and Landscape Garden¬ 
ing. By John Bullock, Architect, Civil Engineer, Mechani¬ 
cian, and Editor of “The Rudiments of Architecture and 
Building,” etc. Illustrated by 75 engravings. In one vol. 
8vo. $3 fit* 






4 


HENRY CAREY BAIRD’S CATALOGTJTJ. 


■p'JLLOCK. —THE RUDIMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE AND 
^ BUILDING: 

For the use of Architects, Builders, Draughtsmen, Machin¬ 
ists, Engineers, and IMechanics. Edited by John Bullock, 
author of “ The American Cottage Builder.” Illustrated by 
250 engravings. In one volume 8vo. . . . $3 50 

■pURGH.—PRACTICAL ILLUSTRATIONS OF LAND AND MA- 
RINE ENGINES: 

Showing in detail the Modern Improvements of High and Low 
Pressure, Surface Condensation, and Super-heating, together 
W'ith Land and Marine Boilers. By N. P. Burgh, Engineer. 
Illustrated by twenty plates, double elephant folio, with text. 

$21 00 

pURGH.—PRACTICAL RULES FOR THE PROPORTIONS OF 
^ MODERN ENGINES AND BOILERS FOR LAND AND MA¬ 
RINE PURPOSES. 

By N. P. Burgh, Engineer. 12mo. . . . $2 00 

pURGH.—THE SLIDE-VALVE PRACTICALLY CONSIDERED : 
By N. P. Burgh, author of “ A Treatise on Sugar Machinery,’' 
“Practical Illustrations of Land and Marine Engines,” “A 
Pocket-Book of Practical Rules for Designing Land and Ma¬ 
rine Engines, Boilers,” etc. etc. etc. Completely illustrated. 

12mo.$2 00 

pYRN.—THE COMPLETE PRACTICAL BREWER : 

Or, Plain, Accurate, and Thorough Instructions in the Art of 
Brewing Beer, Ale, Porter, including the Process of making 
Bavarian Beer, all the Small Beers, such as Root-beer, Ginger- 
pop, Sarsaparilla-beer, Mead, Spruce beer, etc. etc. Adapted 
to the use of Public Brewers and Private Families. By M. La 
Fayette Byrn, M. D. "With illustrations. 12mo. $1 25 

pYRN.—THE COMPLETE PRACTICAL DISTILLER; 

Comprising the most perfect and exact Theoretical and Prac¬ 
tical Description of the Art of Distillation and Rectification; 
including all of the most recent improvements in distilling 
apparatus; instructions for pi-eparing spirits from the nume¬ 
rous vegetables, fruits, etc.; directions for the distillation and 
preparation of all kinds of brandies and other spirits, spiritu¬ 
ous and other compounds, etc. etc.^; all of which is so simpli¬ 
fied that it is adapted not only to the use of extensive distil¬ 
lers, but for every farmer, or others who may wish to engage 
in the art of distilling By M. La Fayette Byrn, IM. D. 
With numerous engravings. In one volume, 12mo. $1 50 








JIENRY CAREY BAIRD’S CATALOGUE 


DYRNE.—POCKET BOOK FOR RAILROAD AND CIVIL ENGl- 
NEERS; 

Containing New, Exact, and Concise Methods for Laying out 
Railroad Curves, Switches, Frog Angles and Crossings: the 
Staking out of work; Levelling; the Calculation of Cut¬ 
tings; Embankments; Earth-work, etc. By Oliver Byrnk. 
Illustrated, 18mo., full bound.$1 75 


DYRNE.—THE HANDBOOK FOR THE ARTISAN, MECHANIC, 
AND ENGINEER : 

By Oliver Byrne. Illustrated by 185 Wood Engravings. 8vo. 

$5 00 


DYRNE.—THE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF PRACTICAL ME- 
CHANICS: 


For Engineering Students, based on the Principle of Work. 
By Oliver Byrne.* Illustrated by Numerous Wood Engrav¬ 
ings, 12mo. . . . . . . . . 03 


RNE.—THE PRACTICAL METAL-WORKER’S ASSISTANT: 
Comprising Metallurgic Chemistry; the Arts of Working all 
Metals and Alloys; Forging of Iron and Steel; Hardening and 
Tempering; Melting and Mixing; Casting and Founding; 
Works in Sheet Metal; the Processes Dependent on the 
Ductility of the Metals; Soldering; and the most Improved 
Processes and Tools employed by Metal-Workers. With the 
Application of the Art of Electro-Metallurgy to Manufactu¬ 
ring Processes; collected from Original Sources, and from tlie 
AVorks of IIoltzaplFel, Bergeron, Leupold, Plumier, Napier, and 
others. By Oliver Byrne. A New, Revised, and improved 
Edition, with Additions by John ScotFern, M. B , William Clay, 
AVm. Fairbairn, F. R. S., and James Napier. With Five Hun¬ 
dred and Ninety-two Engravings; Illustrating every Branch 
of the Subject. In one volume, 8vo. 652 pages . $7 00 


•YRNE.—THE PRACTICAL MODEL CALCULATOR: 

* For the Engineer, Mechanic, Manufacturer of Engine AVork, 
Naval Architect, Miner, and Millwright. By Oliver Byrne. 
1 volume, 8vo., nearly 600 pages . . . . $4 50 

EMROSE.—MANUAL OF WOOD CARVING : AAHlh Practic.al II- 
' lustaitions for Learners of the Art, and Original and Selected de¬ 
signs. By AVilliam Bemrose, Jr. ATith an Introduction by 
Llewellyn Jewitt, F. S. A., etc. AVith 128 Illustrations. 4to., 
cloth . . . . . . • • • . $3 00 







6 


HENRY CAREY BAIRD’S CATALOGUE. 


■pAIRD.—PROTECTION OF HOME LABOR AND HOME PRO- 
DUCTIONS NECESSARY TO THE PROSPERITY OF THE 
AMERICAN FARMER: 

By Henry Carey Baird. 8vo., paper . . . . 10 

•pAIRD.—THE RIGHTS OF AMERICAN PRODUCERS, AND THE 
^ WRONGS OF BRITISH FREE TRADE REVENUE REFORM. 

By Henry Carey Baird. (1870) .... 5 

BAIRD.—SOME OF THE FALLACIES OF BRITISH-FREE-TRADE 
REVENUE-REFORM. 

Two Letters to Prof. A. L. Perry, of Williams College, Mass. By 
Henry Carey Baird. (1871.) Paper .... 6 


^AIRD.—STANDARD WAGES COMPUTING TABLES; 

An Improvement in all former Methods of Computation, so ar¬ 
ranged that wages for days, hours, or fractions of hours, at a spe¬ 
cified rate per day or hour, may be ascertained at a glance. By 
T. Spangler Baird. Oblong folio. $5 00 

^AUERMAN.—TREATISE ON THE METALLURGY OF IRON. 
Illustrated. 12mo.$2 50 


piCKNELL’.S VILLAGE BUILDER. 

55 large plates. 4to.$10 00 

BISHOP.—A HISTORY OF AMERICAN MANUFACTURES: 

From 1608 to 1866 ; exhibiting the Origin and Growth of the Prin¬ 
cipal Mechanic Arts and Manufactures, from the Earliest Colonial 
Period to the Present Time ; By J. Leander Bishop, M. D., Ed¬ 
ward Young, and Edwin T. Freedley. Three vols. 8vo., 

$10 00 

BOX—A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HEAT AS APPLIED TO 
^ THE USEFUL ARTS: 

For the use of Engineers, Architects, etc. By Thomas Box, au¬ 
thor of “Practical Hydraulics.” Illustrated by 14 plates, con¬ 
taining 114 figures. 12mo.$4 25 


QABINET MAKER’S ALBUM OF FURNITURE : 

Comprising a Collection of Designs for the Newest and Most 
Elegant Styles of Furniture. Illustrated by Forty-eight Large 
and Beautifully Engraved Plates. In one volume, oblong 

$5 00 

QHAPMAN.—A TREATISE ON ROPE-MAKING; 

As practised in private and public Rope-yards, with a Description 
of the Manufacture, Rules, Tables of Weights, etc., adapted to the 
Trade; Shipping, Mining, Railways, Builders, etc. By Rorert 
Chapman. 24mo.> ... $1 50 






HENRY CAREY BAIRD’S CATALOGUE. 


7 


pRAIK.—THE PRACTICAL AMERICAN MILLWRIGHT AND 
MILLER. 

Comprising the Elementcary Principles of Mechanics, Me¬ 
chanism, and Motive Power, Hydraulics and Hydraulic 
Motors, Mill-dams, Saw Mills, Grist Mills, the Oat Meal Mill, 
the Barley Mill, Wool Carding, and Cloth Fulling and Dress¬ 
ing, Wind Mills, Steam Power, &c. By David Craik, MUD 
Wright. Illustrated by numerous wood engravings, and five 
folding plates. 1 vol. 8vo. . . . . $5 00 


/1AMPIN.—A practical:, TREATISE ON MECHANICAL EN- 
^ GINEERING: 


Comprising Metallurgy, Moulding, Casting, Forging, Tools, 
Workshop Machinery, Mechanical Manipulation, Manufacture 
of Steam-engines, etc. etc. With an Appendix on the Ana¬ 
lysis of Iron and Iron Ores. By Francis Campin, C. E. Tg 
which are added, Observations on the Construction of Steam 
Boilers, and Remarks upon Furnaces used for Smoke Preven¬ 
tion ; with a Chapter on Explosions. By II. Armstrong, C. E., 
and John Bourne. Rules for Calculating the Change Wheels 
for Screws on a Turning Lathe, and for a Wheel-cutting 
Machine. By J. La Nice a. Management of Steel, including 
Forging, Hardening, Tempering, Annealing, Shrinking, and 
Expansion. And the Case-hardening of Iron. By G. Ede. 
8vo. Illustrated with 29 plates and 100 wood engravings. 

§6 00 


pAMPIN.—THE PRACTICE OF HAND-TURNING IN WOOD, 
^ IVORY, SHELL, ETC.; 

With Instructions for Turning such works in Metal as may be 
required in the Practice of Turning Wood, Ivory, etc. Also 
an Appendix on Ornamental Turning. By Francis Campin , 
with Numerous Illustrations, 12mo., cloth . . §3 00 

p APRON DE DOLE.—DUSSAUCE.—BLUES AND CARMINES OF 
^ INDIGO. 

A Practical Treatise on the Fabrication of every Commercial 
Product derived from Indigo. By Felicien Capron de Dole 
Translated, with important additions, by Professor H. Dcs- 
sauce. 12mo. 


t 







HENRY CAREY BAIRD'S CATALOGUE. 


pAREY.—THE WORKS OF HENRY C. CAREY: 

'^CONTRACTION OR EXPANSION? REPUDIATION OR RE¬ 
SUMPTION? Letters to lion. Hugh McCulloch. 8vo. 38 

FINANCIAL CRISES, their Causes and Effects. 8vo. paper 

25 

HARMONY OF INTERESTS; Agricultural, Manufacturing, 
and Commercial. 8vo., paper . . . . . $1 00 

Do. do. cloth . . . $1 50 

LETTERS TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 
Paper . . . • • • • • . $1 00 

MANUAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE. Condensed from Carey’s 
“Principles of Social Science.” By Kate McKean. 1 vol. 
12mo. . . . . • • • • . $2 25 

MISCELLANEOUS AVORKS: comprising “Harmony of Inter¬ 
ests,” “Money,” “Letters to the President,” “French and 
American Tariffs,” “Financial Crises,” “TheAVay to Outdo 
England without Fighting Her,” “Resources of the Union,” 
“The Public Debt,” “Contraction or Expansion,” “Review 
of the Decade 1857—’G7,” “ Reconstruction,” etc. etc. 1 vol. 
8vo., cloth ........ $4 50 

MONEY: A LECTURE before the N. Y. Geographical and Sta¬ 
tistical Society. 8vo., paper ..... 25 

PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE. 8vo. . . . $2 50 

PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL SCIENCE. 3 volumes 8vo., cloth 

$10 00 

REVIEW OF THE DECADE 1857—’G7. 8vo., paper 60 

RECONSTRUCTION: INDUSTRIAL, FINANCIAL, AND PO¬ 
LITICAL. Letters to the Hon. Henry AAHlson, U. S. S. 8vo 
paper. . . 50 

THE PUBLIC DEBT, LOCAL AND NATIONAL. How to 
provide for its discharge while lessening the burden of Taxa¬ 
tion. Letter to David A. AVells, Esq., U. S. Revenue Commis¬ 
sion. 8vo., paper ....... 25 

THE RESOURCES OF THE UNION. A Lecture read, Dec. 
18G5, before the American Geographical and Statistical So¬ 
ciety, N. Y., and before the American Association for the Ad¬ 
vancement of Social Science, Boston ... 50 

THR SLAAT. TRADE, DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN; AVhy it 
Exists, and How it may be Extinguished. 12mo., cloth $1 GQ 








HENRY CAREY BAIRD’S CATALOGUE. 9 

LETTERS ON INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT. ( 1867.) 
I'aper.60 

REVIEW OF THE FARMERS’QUESTION. (1870.) Paper 25 

RESUMPTION! HOW IT MAY PROFITABLY BE BROUGHT 
ABOUT. (1869.) 8vo., paper .... 60 

REVIEW OF THE REPORT OF HON. D. A. WELLS, Special 
Commissioner of the Revenue. (1869.) 8vo., paper 60 

SHALL WE HAVE PEACE? Peace Financial and Peace Poli¬ 
tical. Letters to the President Elect. (1868.) 8vo., paper 60 

THE FINANCE MINISTER AND THE CURRENCY, AND 
THE PUBLIC DEBT. (1868.) 8vo., paper . . 60 

THE WAY TO OUTDO ENGLAND WITHOUT FIGHTING 
HER. Letters to lion. Schuyler Colfax. (1866.) 8vo., paper 

$l 00 

WEALTH! OF WHAT DOES IT CONSIST ? (1870.) Paper 25 . 

AMUS.—A TREATISE ON THE TEETH OF WHEELS: 

Demonstrating the best forms which can be giv'en to them for the 
purposes of Machinery, such as Mill-work and Clock-work. Trans¬ 
lated from the French of M. Camus. By John I. IIawkin.s. 
Illustrated by 40 plates. 8vo. . . . . . $3 00 


OXE.—MINING LEGISLATION. 

A paper read before the Am. Social Science Association. By 
Eckley B. Coxe. Paper.20 


OLBURN.—THE GAS-WORKS OF LONDON: 

Comprising a sketch of the Gas-works of the city. Process of 
Manufacture, Quantity Produced, Cost, Profit, etc. By Zeraii 
Colburn. 8vo., cloth . . . . • . • 76 

9LBURN.—THE LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE: 

Including a Description of its Structure, Rules for Estimat¬ 
ing its Capabilities, and Practical Observations on its Construc¬ 
tion and Management. By Zeraii Colburn. Illustrated. A 
new edition. 12mo. . . . • . . !$1 26 


pOLBURN AND MAW.—THE WATER-WORKS OF LONDON: 
Together with a Series of Articles on various other Water¬ 
works. By Zeraii Colburn and AV. Maw. Reprinted from 
“Engineering.” In one volume, 8vo. . . .114 00 

■n.\GUERREOTyPIST AND PHOTOGRAPHER’S COMPANION: 
^ ]2mo., clotli . . • • • • • . $1 25 







10 


IIEXRY CAREY R A IRE'S CATALOCUE. 


D 


D 


lECKS.—PEKPETUAL M0TI0I7: 

Or Search for Self-Motive Power during the ITtli, 18th, and 
19th centuries. Illustrated from various authentic sources in 
Papers, Essays, Letters, Paragraphs, and numerous Patent 
Specifications, with an Introductory Essay by Henry Dircks, 
C. E. Illustrated by numerous engravings of machines. 
12mo., cloth . . . .• . . . . $3 50 

TXON.—THE PRACTICAL MILLWRIGHT’S AND ENGINEER’S 
GUIDE: 


Or Tables for Finding the Diameter and Power of Cogwheels ; 
Diameter, Weight, and Power of Shafts; Diameter and Strength 
of Bolts, etc. etc. By Thomas Dixon. 12mo., cloth. $1 50 


JJUNCAN.—PRACTICAL SURVEYOR’S GUIDE: 

Containing the necessary information to make any person, of 
common capacity, a finished land surveyor without the aid of 
a teacher. By Andrew Duncan. Illustrated. ]2mo., cloth. 

$1 25 

TjUSSAUCE.—A NEW AND COMPLETE TREATISE ON THE 
^ ARTS OF TANNING, CURRYING, AND LEATHER DRESS¬ 
ING: 

Comprising all the Discoveries and Improvements made in 
France, Great Britain, and the United States. Edited from 
Notes and Documents of Messrs. Sallerou, Grouvelle, Duval, 
Dessables, Labarraque, Payen, Ilen^, De Fontenelle, Mala- 
peyre, etc, etc. By Prof. II. Dussauce, Chemist. Illustrated 
by 212 wood engravings. 8vo. . . . . SIO 00 

TjUSSAUCE —A GENERAL TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE 
^ OF SOAP, THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL: 

Comprising the Chemistry of the Art, a Description of all the P^aw 
Materials and their Uses. Directions for the Establishment of a 
Soap Factory, with the necessary Apparatus, Instructions in the 
Manufacture of every variety of Soap, the Assay and Determination 
of the Value of Alkalies, Fatty Substances, Soaps, etc. etc. By 
Professor II. Dussauce. With an Appendl.v, containing E.v- 
tracts from the Reports of the Internation.al Jury on Soaps, as 
exhibited in the Paris Universal E.xposition, 18(57, numerous 
Tables, etc. etc. Illustrated by engravings. In one volume 8vo. 
of over 800 pages . . * . . . . . . $10 00 

TJUSSAUCE.—PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE FABRICATION 
^ OF MATCHES, GUN COTTON, AND FULMINATING POW¬ 
DERS. 

By Professor II. Dussauce. 12mo. . . . $3 00 





IIENKY CAREY BAIRD’S CATALOGUE. 


n 


TJSSAUCE.—A PRACTICAL GUIDE FOR THE PERFUMER: 
Being a New Treatise on Perfumery the most favorable to the 
Beauty without being injurious to the Health, comprising a 
Description of the substances used in Perfumery, the Form¬ 
ula of more than one thousand Preparations, such as Cosme¬ 
tics, Perfumed Oils, Tooth Powders, Waters, Extracts, Tinc¬ 
tures, Infusions, Yinaigres, Essential Oils, Pastels, Creams, 
Soaps, and many new Hygienic Products not hitherto described. 
Edited from Notes and Documents of IMessrs. Debay, Lunel, 
etc. Withadditionsby Processor II. Duss.\uce, Chemist. 12mo. 


$:i 00 

nUSSAUCE.—A GENERAL TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE 
^ OF VINEGAR, THEORETICAL AND PR.\CTICAL. 

Comprising the various methods, by the slow and the quick pro¬ 
cesses, with Alcohol, Wine, Grain, Cider, and Molass.e?, as web 
as the Fabrication of Wood Vinegar, etc. By Prof. II. Dussauce. 
12mo. $5 00 


|UPLAIS.—A COMPLETE TREATISE ON THE DISTILLATION 
AND MANUFACTURE OF ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS: 

From the French of M, Duplais. Translated and Edited by M. 
McKennie, M D. Illustrated by numerous large plates and wood 
engravings of the best apparatus calculated for producing the 
finest products. In one vol. royal 8vo. ^10 00 

This is a treatise of the highest scientific merit and of the 
greatest practical value, surpassing in these respects, as well as 
in the variety of its contents, any similar volume in the English 
language. 


D 

D 


E GRAFF.—THE GEOMETRICAL STAIR-BUILDERS’ GUIDE: 
Being a Plain Practical System of Hand-Railing, embracing all 
its necessary Details, and Geometrically Illustrated by 22 Steel 
Engravings ; together with the use of the most approved princi¬ 
ples of Practical Geometry. By Sr^ro^^ De Graff, Architect. 

. ... $5 OQ 

4to. ....•••• 

YER AND COLOR-MAKER’S COMPANION : 

Containing upwards of two hundred Receipts for making Co¬ 
lors, on the most approved principles, for all the various styles 
and fabrics now in existence; Tvith the Scouring Process, and 
plain Directions for Preparing, Washing-ofF, and Finishing tho 
Goods. In one vol. 12mo.IjH 25 



12 HENRY Carey BvVird’s catalogue. 

E aston.—A practical treatise on street or horse¬ 
power RAILWAYS: 

Their Location, Construction, and Management; with General 
Plans and Rules for their Organization and Operation; toge¬ 
ther with Examinations as to their Comparative Advantages 
over the Omnibus System, and Inquiries as to their Value for 
Investment; including Copies of Municipal Ordinances relat¬ 
ing thereto. By Alexander Easton, C. E. Illustrated by 23 
plates, 8vo., cloth . , . . . . . $2 00 

pjRSYTH.—BOOK OF DESIGNS FOR HEAD-STONES, MURAL, 
^ AND OTHER MONUMENTS : 

Containing 78 Elaborate and E.^quisite Designs. By Forsyte. 

4to., cloth.$5 00 

This volume, for the beauty and variety of its designs, has 
never been surpassed by any publication of the kind, and should 
be in the hands of every marble-worker who does fine monumental 
work. 


'AIRBAIRN.—THE PRINCIPLES OF MECHANISM AND MA¬ 
CHINERY OF TRANSMISSION: 

Comprising the Principles of Mechanism, Wheels, and Pulleys, 
Strength and Proportions of Shafts, Couplings of Shafts, and 
Engaging and Disengaging Gear. By Willtam Fairbairn, 
Esq., C. E., LL. D., F. P>,. S., P. G. S., Corresponding Member 
of the National Institute of France, and of the Royal Academy 
of Turin ; Chevalier of the Legion of Honor, etc. etc. Beau¬ 
tifully illustrated by over 150 wood-cuts. In one volume 12mo. 

$2 50 


pAIRBAIRN.—PRIME-MOVERS: 

Comprising the Accumulation of Water-power; the Construc¬ 
tion of Water-wheels and Turbines; the Properties of Steam; 
the Varieties of Steam-engines and Boilers and Wind-mills. 
By William Fairbairn, C. E , LL. D., F. R. S., F. G. S. Au¬ 
thor of “Principles of Mechanism and the Machinery of Trans¬ 
mission.” With Numerous Illustrations. In one volume. (In 
press.) 

niLBART.—A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON BANKING: 

By James William Gilbart. To which is added: Tue Na¬ 


tional Bank Act as now in force. 8vo. 


$4 5« 


ESNER.—A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON COAL, PETROLEUM, 

. AND OTHER DISTILLED OILS. 

# 

By Abraham Gesner,M. D., F. G. S. Second edition, revised 
and enlarged. By George Weltden Gesner, Consulting 
Clieniist and Engineer. Illustrated. 8vo. . . ^3 5U 






IIEXPtY CAREY BAIRD’S CATALOGUE 


LI 


QOTHIC ALBUM FOR CABINET MAKERS: 

Comprising a Collection of Designs for Gothic Furniture. ID 
lustrated by twenty-three large and beautifully engraved 
plates. Oblong . . . . . . . 00 

HRANT.—BEET-ROOT SUGAR AND CULTIVATION OF THE 
^ BEET: 

By E. B. Grant. 12mo. . . . . . $1 25 

GREGORY.—MATHEMATICS FOR PRACTICAL MEN: 

Adapted to the Pursuits of Surveyors, Architects, Mechanics, 
and Civil Engineers. By Olintiius Gregory. 8vo., plates, 
cloth . . . . . . . . . $3 00 

nRISWOLD.—RAILROAD ENGINEER’S POCKET COMPANION. 

Comprising Rules for Calculating Deflection Distances and 
Angles, Tangential Distances and Angles, and all Necessary 
Tables for Engineers; also the art of Levelling Rom Prelimi¬ 
nary Survey to the Construction of Railroads, intended Ex¬ 
pressly for the Young Engineer, together with Numerous Valu¬ 
able Rules and Examples. By W. Griswold. 12mo., tucks. 

$1 75 

nUETTIER.—METALLIC ALLOYS: 

^ Being a Practical Guide to their Chemical and Physical Pro¬ 
perties, their Preparation, Composition, and Uses. Translated 
from the French of A. Guettier, Engineer and Director of 
Founderies, author of “ La Fouderie en France,” etc. etc. By 
A-. A. Fesquet, Chemist and Engineer. In one volume, I2mo. 

$3 00 

TTATS and FELTING: 

A Practical Treatise on their Manufacture. ' By a Practical 
Hatter. Illustrated by Drawings of Machinery, &c., 8vo. 

H ay.—THE INTERIOR DECORATOR : 

The Law's of Harmonious Coloring adapted to Interior Decora¬ 
tions : with a Practical Treatise on House-Painting. By D. 
R. Hay, House-Painter and Decorator. Illustrated by a Dia¬ 
gram of the Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Colors. 12mo. 

$2 25 

TTUGHES.—AMERICAN MILLER AND MILLWRIGHT’S AS- 
SISTANT: 

By Wm. Carter Hughes. A new edition. In one volume, 
.. .... $1 50 





14 


IIENKY CAllEY BAIRD’S CATALOGUE. 



NT—THE PRACTICE OF PHOTOGRAPHY. 

By Robert Hunt, Vice-President of the Photographic Society, 
London. With numerous illustrations. 12mo., cloth . 75 



URST.—A HAND-BOOK FOR ARCHITECTURAL SURVEYORS : 

Comprising Formulae useful in Designing Builders’ work, Table 
of Weights, of the materials used in Building, Memoranda 
connected with Builders’ work. Mensuration, the Practice of 
Builders’ Measurement, Contracts of Labor, Valuation of Pro¬ 
perty, Summary of the Practice in Dilapidation, etc. etc. By 
J. F. Hurst, C. E. 2d edition, pocket-book form, full bound 


$2 60 


JERVIS. 


—RAILWAY PROPERTY; 


A Treatise on the Construction and IManagement of Railways ; 
designed to afford useful knowledge, in the popular style, to the 
holders of this class of property; as well as Ptailway Mana¬ 
gers, Officers, and Agents. By John B. Jervis, late Chief 
Engineer of the Hudson River Railroad, Croton Aqueduct, &,c. 
One vol. 12mo., cloth .... . $2 00 


JOHNSON.—A REPORT TO THE NAVY DEPARTMENT OF THE 
” UNITED STATES ON AMERICAN COALS: 


Applicable to Steam Navigation and to other purposes. By 
Walter 11. Johnson. With numerous illustrations. GOT pp. 
8vo., . . ... $10 00 


JOHNSTON.—INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF SOILS, 
^ LIMESTONES, AND MANURES 


By J. W. F. Johnston. 12mo. 


35 


g-EENE.—A HAND-BOOK OF PRACTICAL GAUGING, 

For the Use of Beginners, to which is added a Chapter on Dis¬ 
tillation, describing the process in operation at the Custom 
House for ascertaining the strength of wines. By Ja.mes B. 
Keene, of H. M. Customs. 8vo. . . . $1 25 





HENRY CAREY RATRD’S CATALOGUE. 


15 


J^ENTISH.—A TREATISE OH A BOX OF INSTRUMENTS, 

And the Slide Rule ; with the Theory of Trigonometry and Lo¬ 
garithms, including Practical Geometry, Surveying, Measur¬ 
ing of Timber, Cask and Malt Gauging, Heights, and Distances. 
By Thomas Kentish. In one volume. ]2mo. . . $1 25 


OBELL.—ERNI.—MINERALOGY SIMPLIFIED; 

A short method of Determining and Classifying IMinerals, by 
means of simple Chemical Experiments in the Wet Way. 
Translated from the last German Edition of F. Von Kobell, 
with an Introduction to Blowpipe Analysis and other addi¬ 
tions. By Henri Erni, M. D., Chief Chemist, Department of 
Agriculture, author of “Coal Oil and Petroleum.” In one 
volume. 12mo. ... . . $2 60 


ANDRIN.—A TREATISE ON STEEL: 

Comprising its Theory, Metallurgy, Properties, Practical Work¬ 
ing, and Use. By M. II. C. Landrin, Jr., Civil Engineer. 
Translated from the French, with Notes, by A. A. Fesquet, 
Chemist and Engineer. With an Appendix on the Bessemer 
and the Martin Processes for Manufacturing Steel, from the 
Report of Abram S. Hewitt, United States Commissioner to 
the Universal Exposition, Paris, 1867. ]2mo. . . $3 00 

ARKIN.—THE PRACTICAL BRASS AND IRON FOUNDER’S 
' GUIDE. 

A Concise Treatise on Brass Founding, i\roulding, the Metals 
and their Alloys, etc.; to which are added Recent Improve¬ 
ments in the Manufacture of Iron, Steel by the Bessemer Pro¬ 
cess, etc. etc. By James Larkin, late Conductor of the Brass 
Foundry Department in Reany, Neafie & Co.’s Penn Works, 
Philadelphia. Fifth edition, revised, with extensive Addi¬ 
tions. In one volume. 12mo. . . . . . $2 25 




HENRY CAREY BAIRD’S CATALOGUE. 


T EAVITT.—FACTS ABOUT PEAT AS AN ARTICLE OF FUEL: 
IVith Remarks upon its Origin and Composition, tlie Localities 
in wliich it is found, the Methods of Preparation and Manu 
facture, and the various Uses to Vfhich it is applicable; toge 
ther with many other matters of Practical and Scientific Inte- 
rest. To which is added a chapter on the Utilization of Coal 
Dust with Peat for the Production of an Excellent Fuel at 
Moderate Cost, especially adapted for Steam Service. By II. 
T. Leavitt. Third edition. l2mo. . . . $1 75 

YEROUX.—A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE MANUFAC- 
^ TURS OF WORSTEDS AND CARDED YARNS: 

Translated from the French of Charles Leroux, MechanicaJ 
Engineer, and Superintendent of a Spinning Mill. By Dr 11. 
Paine, and A. A. Fesquet. Illustrated by 12 iurge plates. In 
one volume 8vo. . . . • . . . . $5 00 


ESLIE (MISS).—COMPLETE COOKERY: 

Directions for Cookery in its Various Branches. By Misa 
Leslie. GOth edition. Thoroughly revised, with the addi¬ 
tion of New Receipts. In 1 vol. 12mo., cloth . . 6U 


L 


ESLIE (MISS). LADIES’ HOUSE BOOK : 

a Manual of Domestic Economy. 20th revised edition, 
cloth ......... 


12mo., 

25 


T ESLIE (MISS). 
COOKERY. 


—TWO HUNDRED RECEIPTS IN FRENCH 


12mo 


50 


KBER.—ASS AYER’S GUIDE; 

Or, Practical Directions to Assayers, Miners, and Smelters, for 
the Tests and Assays, by Heat and by Wet Processes, for the 
Ores of all the principal Metals, of Gold and Silver Coins and 
Alloys, and of Coal, etc. By Oscar M. Lieber. 12mo., cloth 

$1 25 


T OVE.—THE ART OF DYEING, CLEANING, SCOURING, AND 
FINISHING: 


On the most approved English and French methods; being 
Practical Instructions in Dyeing Silks, Woollens, and Cottons, 
Feathers, Chips, Straw, etc.; Scouring and Cleaning Bed and 
Window Curtains, Carpets, Rugs, etc.; French and English 
Cleaning, etc. By Tho.mas Love. Second American Edition, to 
which are added General Instructions for the Use of Aniline 
Colors. 8vo.5 00 







UENRY CAREY BAIRD’S CATALOGUE. 


17 


M 


TWTAIN AND BROWN.—QUESTIONS ON SUBJECTS CONNECTED 
WITH THE MARINE STEAM-ENGINE: 

And Examination Papers; with Hints for their Solution. By 
Thomas J. Main, Professor of Mathematics, Royal Naval College, 
and Thomas Buown, Chief Engineer, R. N. ]2mo., cloth $1 50 

AIN AND BROWN.—THE INDICATOR AND DYNAMOMETER: 

With their Practical Applications to the Steam-Engine, By 
Thomas J. Main, M. A. F. R., Ass't Prof. Royal Naval College, 
Portsmouth, and Thomas Brown, Assoc. Inst. C. E., Chief En¬ 
gineer, R. N,, attached to the R. N. College. Illustrated. From 
the Fourth Iiondon Edition. 8vo. ... . $1 50 

AIN AND BROWN—THE MARINE STEAM-ENGINE. 

By Thomas J. Main, F. R. Ass’t S. Mathematical Professor at 
Royal Naval College, and Thomas Brown, Assoc. Inst. C. E, 
Chief Engineer, R. N. Attached to the Roy.al Naval College. 
Authors of “ Questions Connected with the Marine Steam-En- 


M 


gine,” and the Indicator and Dynamometer.” 
Illustrations. In one volume 8vo. . 


With numerous 
. $5 00 


TWTARTIN.—SCREW-CUTTING TABLES, FOR THE USE OF ME- 
CHANICAL ENGINEERS: 


Showing the Proper Arrangement of Wheels for Cutting the 
Threads of Screws of any required Pitch; with a Table for 
Making the Universal Gas-Pipe Thread and Taps. By W. A. 
Martin, Engineer. 8vo. ....... 50 



ILES—A PLAIN TREATISE ON HORSE-SHOEING. 

With Illustrations. By William Miles, author of “ The Horse’s 
Foot” 



OLESWORTH.—POCKET-BOOK OF USEFUL FORMUL-E AND 
MEMORANDA FOR CIVIL AND MECHANICAL EN3INEERS. 


By Guilford L. Moleswortii, Member of the Institution of 
Civil Engineers, Chief Resident Engineer of the Ceylon Railway. 
Second American from the Tenth London Edition. In one 
volume, full bound in pocket-book form . . . .$201 


M 


OORE.—THE INVENTOR’S GUIDE : 

Patent Oflico and Patent Laws : or, a Guido to Inventors, and a 
Book of Reference for Judges, Lawyers, Magistrates, and others. 
By J G, Moore. ]2mo., cloth . . . . , $l 25 

■j^APIER.—A MANUAL OF ELECTRO-METALLURGY: 

Including the Application of the Art to Manufacturing Processes. 
By Ja.mes Napier. Fourth American, from the Fourth London 
edition, revised and enlarged. Illustrated by engravings. In 
one volume, 8vo. . • • • • • • . $2 00 





18 HENRY CAREY BAIRD’S CATALOGUE. 


1\TAPIER.—A SYSTEM OF CHEMISTRY APPLIED TO DYEING: 

By James Napier, F. C. S. A New and Thoroughly Revised 
Edition, completely brought up to the present state of the 
Science, including the Chemistry of Coal Tar Colors. By A. A. 
Fesquet, 'Chemist and Engineer. With an Appendix on Dyeing 
and Calico Printing, as shown at the Paris Universal Exposition 
■ of 1867, from the Reports of the International Jury, ete. Illus¬ 
trated. In one volume 8vo., 400 pages . . . . $5 00 

•ATEWBERY. —GLEANINGS FROM ORNAMENTAL ART OF 
EVERY STYLE; 

Drawn from Examples in the British, South Kensington, Indian, 
Crystal Palace, and other Museums, the Exhibitions of 1851 and 
1862, and the best English and Foreign works. In a series of one 
hundred exquisitely drawn Plates, containing many hundred ex¬ 
amples. By Robert Newbery. 4to. .... $15 00 

J^JICHOLSON.—A MANUAL OF THE ART OF BOOK-BINDING: 

Containing full instructions in the different Branches of Forward- 

O 

ing. Gilding, and Finishing. Also, the Art of Marbling Book- 
edges and Paper. By James B. Nicholson. •• Illustrated. 12mo. 
cloth .... ..... $2 2i 



ORRIS.—A HAND-BOOK FOR LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEERS AND 
MACHINISTS: 



Comprising the Proportions and Calculations for Constructing 
Locomotives; Manner of Setting Valves; Tables of Squares, 
Cubes, Areas, etc. etc. By Septimus Norris, Civil and Me¬ 
chanical Engineer. New edition. Illustrated, 12mo., cloth 

$2 00 

YSTROM. —ON TECHNOLOGICAL EDUCATION AND THE 
CONSTRUCTION OF SHIPS AND SCREW PROPELLERS: 


For Naval and Marine Engineers. By John W. Nystrom, late 
Acting Chief Engineer U. S. N. Second edition, revised with 
additional matter. Illustrated by seven engravings. 12mo. 

$2 50 

’NEILL.—A DICTIONARY OF DYEING AND CALICO PRINT¬ 
ING: 


Containing a brief account of all the Substances and Processes in 
use in the Art of Dyeing and Printing Textile Fabrics : Avith Prac¬ 
tical Receipts and Scientific Information. By Charles O’Neill, 
Analytical Chemist; Fellow of the Chemical Society of London; 
Member of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester; 
Author of “ Chemistry of Calico Printing and Dyeing.” To Avhich 
is added An Essay on Coal Tar Colors and their Application to 



19 


CAHEY BAIRD’S CATALOGUE. 

Dyeing and Calico Printing. By A. A. Fesquet, Chemist and 
Engineer. V/ith an Appendix on Dyeing and Calico Printing, as 
shown at the Exposition of 1S67, from the Reports of the Interna, 
tional Jury, etc. In one volume 8vo., 491 pages . . $6 00 

QSBORN.—THE METALLURGY OF IRON AND STEEL: 

Theoretical and Practical : In all its Branches ; With Special Re- 
ference to American Materials and Processes. By II. S. Osboux, 
LL. D., Professor of Mining and Metallurgy in Lafayette College, 
Easton, Pa. Illustrated by 230 Engravings on ^yood, and 6 

Folding Plates. 8vo., 972 pages.$10 00 

QSBORN.—AMERICAN MINES AND MINING : 

Theoretically and Practically Considered. By Prof. II. S. Os- 
BORX, Illustrated by numerous engravings. 8vo. {Li preparation.) 

pAINTER, GILDER, AND VARNISHER’S COMPANION: 

Containing Rules and Regulations in everything relating to the 
Arts of Painting, Gilding, Varnishing, and Glass Staining, with 
numerous useful and valuable Receipts; Tests for the Detection 
of Adulterations in Oils and Colors, and a statement of the Dis¬ 
eases and Accidents to which Painters, Gilders, and Varnishers 
are particularly liable, with the simplest methods of Prevention 
and Remedy. With Directions for Graining, Marbling, Sign Writ¬ 
ing, and Gilding on Glass. To which are added Complete Instruc¬ 
tions FOR Coach Painting and Varnishing. 12mo., cloth, $1 50 




pALLETT.—THE MILLER’S, MILLWRIGHT’S, AND ENGI- 
NEER’S GUIDE. 

By Henry Pallett. Illustrated. In one vol. 12mo. . $3 00 

pERKINS.—GAS AND VENTILATION. 

Practical Treatise on Gas and Ventilation. With Special Relation 
to Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking by Gas. Including Scien¬ 
tific Helps to Engineer-students and others. With illustrated 
Diagrams. By E. E. Perkins. 12mo., cloth .' . . $1 25 

PERKINS AND STOWE.—A NEW GUIDE TO THE SHEET-IRON 
AND BOILER PLATE ROLLER: 

Containing a Series of Tables showing the Weight of Slabs and 
Piles to Produce Boiler Plates, and of the Weight of Piles and the 
Sizes of Bars to Produce Sheet-iron ; the Thickness of the Bar 
Gauge in Decimals ; the Weight per foot, and the Thickness on 
the Bar or Wire Gauge of the fractional parts of an inch; the 
Weight per sheet, and the Thickness on the Wire Gauge of Sheet- 
iron of various dimensions to weigh 112 lbs. per bundle; and the 
conversion of Short Weight into Long Weight, and Long AVeight 
into Short. Estimated and collected by G. H. Perkins and J. G* 
Stowe .. • . $2 50 






20 


HENRY CAREY BAIRD’S CATALOGUE. 


HILLIPS AND DARLINGTON.—RECORDS OF MINING AND 
METALLURGY: 

Or, Facts and Memoranda for the use of the Mine Ap;ent and 
Smelter. By J. Arthur Phillips, Mining Engineer, Graduate of 
the Imperial School of Mines, France, etc., and J onx Darlingtox. 
Illustrated by numerous engravings. In one vol. 12mo. . $2 00 

RADAL, MALEPEYRE, AND DUSSAUCE. —A COMPLETE 




TREATISE ON PERFUMERY: 

Containing notices of the Raw Material used in the Ait, and the 
Best Formulae. According to the most approved Methods followed 
in France, England, and the United States. By M. P. Pradal, 
Perfumer-Chemist, and M. F. Malepeyre. Tr.anslated from the 
French, with extensive additions, by Prof. II. Dussauce. 8vo. $10 


ROTEAUX.—PRACTICAL GUIDE FOR THE MANUFACTURE 


OF PAPER AND BOARDS. 

By A. Proteatjx, Civil Engineer, and Graduate of the School of 
Arts and M.anufactures, Director of Thiers’s Paper Mill, ’Puy-de- 
Dome. With additions, by L. S. Le Normand. Translated from 
the French, with Notes, by Horatio Paine, A. B., M. D. To 
which is added a Chapter on the Manufacture of Paper from Wood 
in the United States, by Henry T. Brown, of the “ American 
Artisan.’^ Illustrated by six plates, containing Drawings of Raw 
Materials, Machinery, Plans of Paper-Mills, etc. etc. 8vo. $5 00 

•pEGNAULT.—ELEMENTS OF CHEMISTRY. 

By M. V. Regnault. Tr.anslated from the French by T. For¬ 
rest Benton, M. L., .and edited, with notes, by .Tames C. Booth, 
Melter and Refiner U. S. Mint, and Wm. L. Faber, Met.allurgist 
and Mining Engineer. Illustrated bynearly 700 wood engravings. 
Comprising nearly 1500 pages. In two vols. 8vo., cloth $10 00 

pEID.—A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF 
PORTLAND CEMENT; 

By Henry Reid, C. E. To which is added a Tr.anslation of M. 
A. Lipowitz’s Work, describing anew method adopted in Germany 
of Manufacturing that Cement. By W. F. Reid. Illustrated by 
plates .and wood engravings. 8vo. . . . . . $7 00 

■RIFFAULT, VERGNAUD, AND TOUSSAINT.—A PRACTICAL 
^ TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF COLORS FOR 
PAINTING: 

Containing the best Formulae and the Processes the Newest .and 
in most General Use. By MM. Riffault, Yergnaud, andTous- 
SAINT. Revised and Edited by M. F. Malepeyre and Dr. Emil 
W iNCKLER. Illustrated by Engravings. In one vol. 8vo. [In 
p>‘Pj)a rati 071.) 




HENRY CAREY BAIRD’S CATALOGUE 


21 


pIFFAULI, VERGNAUD, AND TOUSSAINT.—A PRACTICAL 
TREATISE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF VARNISHES: 

By MM. Rifpault, Vergnatjd, and Toussaikt. Revised and 
Edited by M. F. Malepeyue and Dr. E.mil Winckleu. Illus¬ 
trated. In one vol. 8vo. preiyaration.) 


NHUNK.—A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON RAILWAY CURVES 
^ AND LOCA.TION, FOR YOUNG ENGINEERS. 

By Wm. F. Shunk, Civil Engineer. 12mo., tucks . . $2 00 

NMEATON.—BUILDER’S POCKET COMPANION: 

Containing the Elements of Building, Surveying, and Architec. 
ture ; •with Practical Rules and Instructions connected with the sub¬ 
ject. By A. C. Smeatok, Civil Engineer, etc. In one volume, 
12mo. . . . . • • • • • . $1 50 


HMITH.—THE DYER’S INSTRUCTOR: 

Comprising Practical Instructions in the Art of Dyeing Silk, Cot¬ 
ton, Wool, and Worsted, and Woollen Goods: containing nearly 
800 Receipts. To which is added a Treatise on the Art of Pad¬ 
ding; and the Printing of Silk Warps, Skeins, and Handkerchiefs, 
and the various Mordants and Colors for the different styles of 
such work. By David Smith, Pattern Dyer, 12mo., cloth 

$3 05 

S MITH.—THE PRACTICAL DYER’S GUIDE: 

Comprising Practical Instructions in the Dyeing of Shot Cobourgs, 
Silk Striped Orleans, Colored Orleans from Black Warps, ditto 
from White Warps, Colored Cobourgs from White Warps, Merinos, 
Yarns, Woollen Cloths, etc. Containing nearly 300 Receipts, to 
most of which a Dyed Pattern is annexed. Also, a Treatise on 
the Art of Padding. By David Smith. In one vol. 8vo. $25 00 


QHAW._CIVIL ARCHITECTURE: 

^ Being a Complete Theoretical and Practical System of Building, 
containing the Fundamental Principles of the Art. By Edward 
Shaw, Architect. To which is added a Treatise on Gothic Archi- 
tecture, Ac. By Thomas W. Silloavay and George M. Hard¬ 
ing Architects. The whole illustrated by 102 quarto plates finely 
engraved on copper. Eleventh Edition. 4to. Cloth. $10 00 


QLOAN.—AMERICAN HOUSES: 

^ A variety of Original Designs for Rural Buildings. 
20 colored Engravings, with Descriptive References. 
Sloan, Architect, authorof the “ Model Architect,” 


Illustrated by 
By Samuel 
etc. etc. 8vo. 
$2 50 


nCHINZ.—RESEARCHES ON THE ACTION OF THE BLAST- 
^ FURNACE. 

By CuAS. ScuiNZ. Seven plates. 12mo. . • . $4 25 






22 


HENRY CAREY BAIRD’S CATALOGUE. 


S 

S 


MITH.—PARKS AND PLEASURE GROUNDS: 

Or, Practical Notes on Country Residences, Villas, Public Parks, 
and Gardens. By Charles H. J. Smith, Landscape Gardener 
a-nd Garden Architect, etc. etc. 12mo. . , . . $2 25 

TOKES.—CABINET-MAKER’S AND UPHOLSTERER’S COMPA¬ 
NION: 


Comprising the Rudiments and Principles of Cabinet-making and 
Upholstery, with Familiar Instructions, Illustrated by Examples 
for attaining a Proficiency in the Art of Drawing, as applicable 
to Cabinet-work ; The Processes of Veneering, Inlaying, and 
Buhl-work ; the Art of Dyeing and Staining Wood, Bone, Tortoise 
Shell, etc. Directions for Lackering, Japanning, and Varnishing; 
to make French Polish; to prepare the Best Glues, Cements, and 
Compositions, and a number of Receipts, particularly for workmen 
generally. By J. Stokes. In one vol. 12mo. With illustrations 


$1 25 


TRENGTH AND OTHER PROPERTIES OF METALS. 

Reports of Experiments on the Strength and other Properties of 
Metals for Cannon. With a Description of the Machines for Test¬ 
ing Metals, and of the Classification of Cannon in service. By 
Officers of the Ordnance Department U. S. Army. By authority 
of the Secretary of War. Illustrated by 25 large steel plates. In 
1 vol. quarto ....... . $10 00 


DULLIVAN.—PROTECTION TO NATIVE INDUSTRY. 




By Sir Edward Sullivan, Baronet. (1870.) 8vo. 


$1 60 


rjiABLES SHOWING THE WEIGHT OF ROUND, SQUARE, AND 
^ FLAT BAR IRON, STEEL, ETC. 


By Measurement. Cloth 


63 


rpAYLOR.—STATISTICS OF COAL; 

Including Mineral Bituminous Substances employed in Arts and 
Manufactures ; with their Geographical, Geological, and Commer¬ 
cial Distribution and amount of Production .and Consumption on 
the American Continent. ’With Incident.al Statistics of the Iron 
Manufacture. By R. C. Taylor. Second edition, revised by S. 
S. IIaldeman. Illustrated by five Maps and m.any wood engrav¬ 


ings. 


8vo., cloth 


$6 00 


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HENRY CAREY BAIRD’S CATALOGUE 


23 


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24 


HENRY CAREY BAIRD’S CATALOGUE. 



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W 

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